« Pew Center Issues Climate Change Plan; Recommends Replacing CAFE Standards with GHG Cap-and-Trade | Main | Ford Announces “Midwest Ethanol Corridor” and Hybrid Taxis for Chicago »
OEMs Bullish on Biodiesel, But Where’s the Fuel?
8 February 2006
By Jack Rosebro
At the 2006 National Biodiesel Conference and Expo, which concludes today in San Diego, California, representatives of three automakers stepped forward to express their views on the near future of biodiesel fuel in their diesel-powered cars and trucks.
William Craven, Manager, Regulatory and Technical Affairs at DaimlerChrysler, gave one of the strongest endorsements of both biodiesel fuel and diesel technology, saying that DaimlerChrysler “is very supportive of biodiesel” and that “renewable fuels must be part of our energy strategy.”
DaimlerChrysler currently ships every new diesel-powered Jeep Liberty CRD from their assembly plant in Toledo, Ohio with a factory fill of B5, or 5% biodiesel fuel, which is sourced from soybeans grown and refined in Ohio.
We’re coming. We’re betting a lot of money on diesel technology.
—William Craven, DaimlerChrysler
However, DaimlerChrysler’s enthusiasm does not come without some caveats. Verifiable fuel quality is a stated concern, and that concern was a theme repeatedly echoed by other automakers during the conference.
The highest biodiesel concentration usually recommended by any automaker is B5, a fuel blend which is endorsed for use in select models by General Motors and Volkswagen, as well as DaimlerChrysler. Many proponents of biodiesel would like to see that ratio increased to B20, which is generally considered to be the highest biodiesel-to-diesel fuel ratio that can be safely run in colder climes.
DaimlerChrysler currently sanctions the use of B20 in its 2007 model year Dodge Ram 2500 and 3500 diesel pickup trucks for its military, government, and commercial fleet customers only—and only if they use B20 fuel which meets military specifications. (Earlier post.)
No automaker currently recommends the use of B20 biodiesel in any production car or truck sold to the general public.
The Association for Standards and Testing of Materials (ASTM) has had a quality standard for pure biodiesel—or B100—since 2001, and a standard for No. 2 diesel fuel well before that. However, blending ASTM-spec B100 and ASTM-spec D100 to make an “approved” B20 fuel does not guarantee fuel quality, explained Craven, because there is no legal standard to ensure quality of the blended fuel.
Without a separate ASTM standard for B20, Craven said, anything can be called B20. Mindful of the recent missteps with B2 and other biodiesel blends in Minnesota (earlier post), which occurred despite B20’s proven track record of excellent cold-weather performance in Canada (earlier post), Craven told the audience, which was largely made up of biodiesel industry representatives:
We’re pleading with you. We can’t afford a misstep. We are dependent on you to maintain fuel quality. We need a ASTM spec for B20 before the end of the year.
Testing in Minnesota after the reports of biodiesel-related equipment troubles revealed a variety of production, storage and delivery problems, including fuel with concentrations as high as 50% biodiesel which was sold as B20, according to presentations made at the conference.
In a separate session, Klaus-Peter Schindler of Volkswagen AG presented VW’s views on biodiesel. Volkswagen does not utilize biodiesel in its factory fills, but allows its diesel customers to run biodiesel blends of up to B5, and is studying the use of B20. An earlier test of B100 was halted by Volkswagen because of problems with oil dilution and difficulties igniting particulate matter (PM) in exhaust particulate traps.
| Comparing VW Diesels Across 30 Years | ||
|---|---|---|
| 1975 VW Golf | 2005 VW Golf (Euro) | |
| Horsepower | 50 hp (37 kW) | 140 hp (104 kW) |
| Torque | 84 Nm | 320 Nm |
| 0–100 km/h | 18 sec | 9.3 sec |
| Fuel economy | 36 mpg US | 49.6 mpg US |
| Weight | 1,720 lbs (780 kg) | 3,086 lbs (1,400 kg) |
| Max speed | 87 mph | 126 mph |
Schindler began by asking those who had not yet driven one of today’s diesel passenger cars to “please forget what you know” about the diesels of the past. He compared today’s 2005 2.0-liter VW Golf diesel sedan with Volkswagen’s 1975 Golf diesel (sold in the US as the Rabbit), noting that despite being significantly heavier that its predecessor, the newer Golf is twice as fast, more than twice as powerful, and yet about 35% more fuel efficient.
Ten percent of all Volkswagen passenger car sales in North America are now diesels, and one in four Jettas sold in North America comes with a diesel, according to Volkswagen.
Schindler stated that the scientific focus on reducing exhaust emissions is coming to an end, and that although exhaust emissions must continually be reduced, it is the reduction of greenhouse gases (GHGs) that now preoccupies those in his field.
He pointed out that although diesels enjoy as much as 30% better efficiency than gasoline engines and can produce 30% less GHGs, the rise of the gas-electric hybrid has narrowed the advantage in both categories to around 15%. “The use of biofuels,” remarked Schindler, “will enable us to broaden this difference once again.”
Schindler also expressed a desire for better fuel—not just biodiesel, but diesel fuel itself. “Future emissions reductions will be more and more tuned to the fuel,” he said, and noted that Euro-spec diesel passenger car engines must be de-tuned somewhat to run on US-spec diesel.
The current cetane average in US-spec diesel fuel is 44, according to Schindler, with a required ASTM spec of only 40—while cetane numbers in European diesel fuel run higher than 50. Schindler would like to see a diesel fuel with a cetane rating of around 51 to 54 to help minimize emissions.
According to Schindler, Volkswagen views biodiesel as a relatively short-term fueling solution to GHG emissions by diesel engines, with the long-term solution coming from BTL, or biomass-to-liquids synthetics. This view is in line with the European Union’s recent biomass fuel action plan and strategy (earlier post); however, the production of BTL remains fairly carbon intensive.
General Motors brought a Chevy Express 2500 diesel cargo van to the conference for test drives. Although GM Duramax diesel engines have been approved to run on B5 biodiesel since January of 2004, GM does not use B5 in its factory fills, but a spokesman indicated that the company is interested in a B20 fuel specification.
Other manufacturers which approve the use of biodiesel to as much as a 5% blend (B5) include Ford and Volvo, as well as commercial manufacturers Cummins, Detroit Diesel, International, and John Deere, which now uses a factory fill of B2. Caterpillar recommends the usage of biodiesel blends as high as B30 when used as recommended by the company.
February 8, 2006 in Biodiesel | Permalink | Comments (20) | TrackBack (0)
Comments
Posted by: fred | February 08, 2006 at 01:32 PM
Petro-diesel requires about 25% more oil per gallon produced than gasoline. As such...a gallon of B20 will consume about the same amount of oil as a gallone of gasoline. This the primary reason that oil companies and automotives push B5 and B20 blends and never B100.
They don't want to change the game. They just want to make folks feel good, while still retaining our full dependence on oil.
If you are a bio-diesel proponent like me...then push for B100 all the way.
Posted by: B100 | February 08, 2006 at 02:31 PM
Actually diesel requires less oil per gallon produced than gasoline....and gives significantly better mileage per gallon than gasoline.
Aj
Posted by: Aj | February 08, 2006 at 03:15 PM
It really annoys me that they concentrate on these low blends - the manufacturers are being far too conservative.
To me, even B20 is a low blend - I use B100 most of the time in my VW car.
Posted by: eric | February 08, 2006 at 03:54 PM
B100 and Aj. Please provide documentation. All I hear are assertions by both sides of the diesel debate.
Posted by: t | February 08, 2006 at 04:09 PM
Ok, maybe it is true that Diesel might require more oil per gallon then gasoline, but those part of oil made of diesel we cant break it into gasoline, or require huge energy to really break them into gasoline. Therefore, diesel is diesel, gasoline is gasoline. You cant yeild 100% gasoline or 100% diesel from a gallon of oil, you just get some of both.
Maybe until someday some agricultural giants will take over the energy business from the oil giants. B100 or D100(diesel 100%) really doesnt matter, we consumer only tends to use whatever cheapest available.
The ideal senarior should be each of us play a role in planting this fuel and perhaps make our own fuel. Before this we need to discover a fuel that can have reasonable yeild in small scale with cheap cost. By then every small town will have their own fuel maker. No more big crab shell or mobile tanker dominating the market.
Posted by: rexis | February 08, 2006 at 05:10 PM
Odograph's source (source link) claims well-to-tank efficiency of 87.9% for diesel, 82.9% for gasoline.
To put it bluntly, B100 is full of hooey.
Posted by: Engineer-Poet | February 08, 2006 at 05:54 PM
Maybe due to the fact that diesel require less refinary work then gasoline. Diesel is easier to extract from crudes.
B100, seriously, do you really believe that this is sustainable at the moment?
Posted by: rexis | February 08, 2006 at 05:57 PM
Those numbers seem pretty close to mine, available here: http://www.mda.state.mn.us/ethanol/balance.html
Aside from the difference in numbers, it's pretty well known that diesel takes less energy to produce than gasoline. The added refining necessary for the new ULSD might narrow the gap, but i expect diesel to continue to be more efficient.
Aj
Posted by: Aj | February 08, 2006 at 06:11 PM
This guy stating that "diesel requires about 25% more oil per gallon produced than gasoline" posts this same rubbish on nearly every article. He's a broken record. It's not worth trying to prove any points with him, because he just doesn't understand the concept of well-to-wheel efficiency.
He also fails to grasp the fact that high concentrations of biodiesel are not possible RIGHT NOW because of limited supply. So, should we not do anything until we can produce the required biodiesel for 100% blends in every diesel engine?
Gaining the public's acceptance of B5 will lead to higher concentrations over time. You have to start somewhere.
Posted by: Angelo | February 08, 2006 at 07:44 PM
Angelo,
I don't think anybody tries to prove anything to that guy.
Some more knowlagable people know as a fact that diesel takes less energy to produce than gasoline.
But there is number of people that do not know this fact and when they read statments like this multiple times they might actually believe it.
I personally don't believe any of those statments unless I see real data from reliable source.
As old saying goes 'repeat lie until it becomes a truth'.
Thank you Engineer-Poet and Aj for providing source.
Posted by: W2 | February 08, 2006 at 07:59 PM
Every time I see these posts though, I feel obligated to dispute it for that very reason - people may start to believe it! I understand he's trying to make a point for more biodiesel, so he's probably not bad intentioned.
However, even if we were to discount the fact that diesel requires less energy to refine than gasoline and all of the other variables accounted for in a well-to-wheels measurement, I still find it hard to accept that he continues to ignore the 30% higher energy density of diesel!
Posted by: Angelo | February 09, 2006 at 03:27 AM
Interesting article. There is an error in your table comparing old and new VWs, however. I believe the acceleration times are for 0-100 km/h not mph, since the 1975 model could only attain 87 mph as stated in the same table (also personally verified as a past owner of a 1978 Rabbit diesel with the same engine).
Posted by: Jeff | February 09, 2006 at 03:59 AM
That 30% higher energy density come at a price: higher carbon intensity. 40 MPG Gasoline emits less carbon than a 40 MPG Diesel, but this is largely made up by the (generally) better efficiency of diesels when comparing equivalent engines, but it's something to keep in mind when comparing the numbers.
Posted by: Schwa | February 09, 2006 at 06:52 AM
Schwa. How much less carbon does gasoline emit?
Posted by: t | February 09, 2006 at 07:34 AM
According to EPA:
“…With all other things being equal, today’s diesel engines are projected to achieve up to 40% higher fuel economy than today’s gasoline engines, which is equivalent to about a 29% savings in fuel consumption. Since diesel fuel contains about 15% more energy and carbon than an equal volume of gasoline, a vehicle mile traveled with a diesel engine that has 40% higher fuel economy should reduce vehicle energy consumption and carbon emissions by about 18%. On a life-cycle basis, the total benefit of diesel engines is somewhat higher because there are higher per gallon energy losses for gasoline production than for diesel fuel production…”
http://www.epa.gov/otaq/technology/420r05012.pdf
Posted by: Carl | February 09, 2006 at 10:33 AM
Finally, some GOOD, HARD FACTS on the issue!
Posted by: Angelo | February 09, 2006 at 10:53 AM
According to TerraPass, a gas engine emits 19.5 lbs CO2 per gallon consumed (http://www.terrapass.com/calcdetails.html#cantfindcar).
Plugging various diesel models into their calculator (http://www.terrapass.com/carboncalc.php) & doing the math yields 22.9 lbs CO2 per gallon, but the "per mile" number is obviously lower due to the better fuel mileage of diesels. Assuming 40% as in Carl's quote from the EPA, I calculated a 16% improvement in emissions.
According to the U.S. Dept. of Energy, using B100 will reduce CO2 emissions by 75% vs. petroleum diesel, or down to less than 6 lbs per gallon (http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/altfuel/bio_benefits.html).
Posted by: Suman | February 09, 2006 at 10:58 AM
Yo B100....What oil/auto companies are pushing B5/B20? With the exception of VW and DC all I see is Bzero. Surely you would concur that a foot or toe in the door is preferable to neither. B100 is not without its problems...namely cold-weather and engine timing/emissions issues.
Posted by: fred | February 13, 2006 at 01:22 PM
Yo B100 guy, stop posting that BS about gas being more efficient to produce than Diesel, It is not! and you just make greencarcongress.com look bad, as well as annoying a load of people who feel obliged to put out the facts.
Do you work for the US government or something?
Stop it! ok!
Thanks.
Posted by: NTZ | February 18, 2006 at 07:23 PM
TrackBack
TrackBack URL for this entry:
http://www.typepad.com/t/trackback/22062/4222612
Listed below are links to weblogs that reference OEMs Bullish on Biodiesel, But Where’s the Fuel?:






Dzlsabe also wondering. Instead of commercials and trade-shows and Big oil/ag "free-marketeers", maybe gettin that ULSD/B2-20 mix in at least some interstate truckstops would be a start...eh?