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UN Report: Global Livestock Sector Generates More GHG Emissions than Transport
10 December 2006
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| Greenhouse gas emissions from livestock in CO2-equivalent by species and main production system. Click to enlarge. |
According to a report published by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, the livestock sector generates more greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as measured in CO2 equivalent—18%—than transport. It is also a major source of land and water degradation.
When emissions from land use (such as production of feedcrops and grazing land) and land use change are included, the livestock sector accounts for 9% of CO2 deriving from human-related activities, but produces a much larger share of even more harmful greenhouse gases. It generates 65% of human-related nitrous oxide, which has 296 times the Global Warming Potential (GWP) of CO2. Most of this comes from manure.
And it accounts for respectively 37% of all anthropogenic methane (23 times as warming as CO2), which is largely produced by the digestive system of ruminants, and 64% of ammonia, which contributes significantly to acid rain.
Livestock now use 30% of the earth’s entire land surface, mostly permanent pasture but also including 33% of the global arable land used to producing feed for livestock, the report notes. As forests are cleared to create new pastures, it is a major driver of deforestation, especially in Latin America where, for example, some 70% of former forests in the Amazon have been turned over to grazing.
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| The relationship between meat consumption and per capita income in 2002. Click to enlarge. |
With increased prosperity, people are consuming more meat and dairy products every year. Global meat production is projected to more than double from 229 million tonnes in 1999/2001 to 465 million tonnes in 2050, while milk output is set to climb from 580 to 1043 million tonnes.
The global livestock sector is growing faster than any other agricultural sub-sector. It provides livelihoods to about 1.3 billion people and contributes about 40% to global agricultural output. For many poor farmers in developing countries livestock are also a source of renewable energy for draft and an essential source of organic fertilizer for their crops.
The environmental costs per unit of livestock production must be cut by one half, just to avoid the level of damage worsening beyond its present level.
—from the report, Livestock’s Long Shadow
Herds cause wide-scale land degradation, with about 20% of pastures considered as degraded through overgrazing, compaction and erosion. This figure is even higher in the drylands where inappropriate policies and inadequate livestock management contribute to advancing desertification.
The livestock business is also among the most damaging sectors to the earth’s increasingly scarce water resources, contributing among other things to water pollution, euthropication and the degeneration of coral reefs. The major polluting agents are animal wastes, antibiotics and hormones, chemicals from tanneries, fertilizers and the pesticides used to spray feed crops. Widespread overgrazing disturbs water cycles, reducing replenishment of above and below ground water resources. Significant amounts of water are withdrawn for the production of feed.
Livestock are estimated to be the main inland source of phosphorous and nitrogen contamination of the South China Sea, contributing to biodiversity loss in marine ecosystems.
Meat and dairy animals now account for about 20% of all terrestrial animal biomass. Livestock’s presence in vast tracts of land and its demand for feed crops also contribute to biodiversity loss; 15 out of 24 important ecosystem services are assessed as in decline, with livestock identified as a culprit.
The report, produced with the support of the multi-institutional Livestock, Environment and Development (LEAD) Initiative, proposes a number of remedies, including:
Atmosphere and climate. Increasing the efficiency of livestock production and feed crop agriculture. Improving animals’ diets to reduce enteric fermentation and consequent methane emissions, and setting up biogas plant initiatives to recycle manure.
Land degradation. Controlling access and removing obstacles to mobility on common pastures. Use of soil conservation methods and silvopastoralism, together with controlled livestock exclusion from sensitive areas; payment schemes for environmental services in livestock-based land use to help reduce and reverse land degradation.
Water. Improving the efficiency of irrigation systems. Introducing full-cost pricing for water together with taxes to discourage large-scale livestock concentration close to cities.
Resources:
December 10, 2006 in Climate Change | Permalink | Comments (43) | TrackBack (0)
Comments
Posted by: allen_Z | December 11, 2006 at 01:07 PM
If we use the manure/droppings of the animals we raise for CH4 production, perhaps we can capture, exploit, and reduce the amount of N2O, CO2 and CH4 (GHG) released.
Posted by: allen_Z | December 11, 2006 at 01:09 PM
Diddo for human waste (sewage and decomposable garbage).
Posted by: allen_Z | December 11, 2006 at 01:11 PM
Just another symptom of overpopulation.
Posted by: Neil | December 11, 2006 at 01:20 PM
Choose which exactly ecosystem damaged by global warming we should worry about (from ONE degree Fahrenheit global temperature increase over a century):
I choose the Nepali Himalayas with 1*Celsius temp. increase since 1970, 3*C by 2100. Mountains are the world’s water towers feeding the rivers and lakes upon which all life depends. If the glaciers continue to retreat at the rates being seen in places like the Himalayas, then many rivers and freshwater systems could run dry, threatening drinking water supplies worldwide.
Posted by: fyi CO2 | December 11, 2006 at 03:12 PM
I am concerned more about climate change. If global warming causes drought in food producing areas, we will wish we had the good old days back once again.
Posted by: SJC | December 11, 2006 at 04:57 PM
Robert Schwartz wrote: We had steak for dinner last night. It was delicious. All you vegans out there can choke on your tofu burgers.
Robert, why the hate? Are you threatened by people who don't eat meat?
Posted by: George | December 11, 2006 at 07:07 PM
“1* Celsius temp. increase since 1970, 3*C by 2100.”
I believe Andrey was talking about average earth temperature measured from the present, back 100 years, not a particular location or a computer programmer’s estimate going 90 years in the future. The Weather channel has a hard enough time predicting next week’s weather.
Posted by: George K | December 11, 2006 at 08:57 PM
In the meat consumption versus per capita income chart, was the curve of best fit caluclated by giving each country-specific data point equal weight, or by differentially weighting each country's data point by population? I imagine that they two methods would yield different results, and that the latter method would be more accurate.
Posted by: NBK-Boston | December 11, 2006 at 10:16 PM
Lucas:
Funny language (and a lot of curious facts) describing flatulence:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatulence
Allen Z:
US generates about 100 lb of sewage sludge per capita per year. It is universally digested at anaerobic digesters at sewage plants, and generated biomethane is used to generate electricity and heat-up the digesters. Addition of plant residue rich in carbon would vastly improve digestion process, which is suffering from too high nitrogen content. Collected urban garden wastes (generally the grass we move from our lawns, about 250 dry lb per urban capita per year) is obvious candidate.
FyiCO2:
Glaciers live their own life, with extremely wide variations from general climate trends. Local long-term weather patterns, especially precipitation, are by far the major factors of these variations. For example, Greenland peripheral glaciers are melting, but core ice sheet is growing by about 6cm per year:
http://www.worldclimatereport.com/index.php/2004/03/15/greenlands-secret/
Antarctic continent is, actually, cooling, except for Antarctic peninsula (2% of arctic glacier), which is dramatically melting down due to current weather patterns. Continental ice in Antarctica is growing with whopping rate, compensating for ocean level rise due to thermal expansion of ocean water:
http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/topstory/20020820southseaice.html
Interesting data is presented about history of Alps glaciers, which argues that at Roman times there were no glaciers at all:
http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,357366,00.html
SJC:
Comprehensive scientific data point out that warmer climate actually produces more moisture and precipitation, and combined with carbon fertilizing effect result in measurable higher harvest yields and increased food production. Talk about why China and India do not want to reduce their carbon emissions.
Posted by: Andrey | December 12, 2006 at 02:01 AM
I'm vegan so I'm doing more for the environment than a Prius driver. Go me.
Posted by: James | December 12, 2006 at 09:03 AM
Andrey, your argument against global warming is quite circular - you want local examples of global warming but then insist that the circumstances are due to localized factors without regard to global warming.
"Continental ice in Antarctica is growing with whopping rate"
Note: computer-generated simulations arrived at this result. In 2005, NASA was still HOPING that in the future they'll be able to verify with real data through a long-term ice thickness measurement campaign.
"Comprehensive scientific data point out that warmer climate actually produces more moisture and precipitation, and combined with carbon fertilizing effect result in measurable higher harvest yields and increased food production."
I'm sure they're waiting for the all-you-can-eat-banquet in the growing deserts of Africa and the Middle East.
Selected references are certainly not universal.
Posted by: fyi CO2 | December 12, 2006 at 01:53 PM
FuyCO2:
Selected references? Computer models?
Hell no.
Data for Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets (containing 98% of ice on Earth) are actual satellite measurements published by NACA. I provided the links.
Increased rate of biomass growth are officially reported numbers for such “local” places as Amazon rainforest, standing tree biomass for US, and Siberian taiga.
Try to base your arguments on scientific publications, not on newspaper headlights.
Posted by: Andrey | December 13, 2006 at 12:30 AM
Andrey,
Satellite pictures do not gauge the thickness of ice,
computer models are required for that.
Here is the 2002 data which confirms your selective NASA inference> www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn1806
Here is the 2005 data (same source) which refutes the old inference
http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn6962
Try to base your arguments on more current scientific publications, not old headlights or headlines, whichever the case may be.
Posted by: fyi CO2 | December 14, 2006 at 08:21 AM
Here's some NASA 2006 info:
^ Stephen Cole, "Greenland Ice Sheet on a Downward Slide", National Aeronautics and Space Administration, October 19, 2006
http://www.nasa.gov/vision/earth/lookingatearth/greenland_slide.html
Posted by: fyi CO2 | December 14, 2006 at 08:38 AM
Articles you are quoting specifically indicate COASTAL ice melting in Greanland and in Western Antarctic PENINSULA. It is well known fact, that Arctic region is warming faster than Earthy as a whole, and Antarctic is, actually, cooling, at least for last 35 years. I indicated these facts in my post.
However warming, according to satellite altimeter measurements of Norvegian scientists, internal parts of Greenland actually accumulate ice with rate 6 cm per year for the period of study from 1992 to 2003. Decade averaged data is way more reliable than “last year” observations:
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2005-11/esa-eas110405.php
Measurements of thickness of Antarctic ice were carried out by three different satellite-based short wavelength radiometers and radars. The whole picture for Antarctica for last decades is presented here (scroll down to the end of article):
http://www.tcsdaily.com/article.aspx?id=030306H
In more detail results of NASA study which concluded that Antarctic ice mass was growing during period of their study from 1979 to 1999 (two decades!) could be find here:
http://www.tcsdaily.com/article.aspx?id=030306H
And lets our anticipated readers to decide which data is more comprehensive and representative.
Posted by: Andrey | December 14, 2006 at 10:04 AM
"without the aid of the modern world you would not be very healthy as a vegan."
Go tell that to the Jain people who have been vegan for many hundreds of years!
Posted by: Russell | June 20, 2007 at 08:15 AM
having pretty to ramble crashing down and one day, were punished names. my misguided my first
Posted by: stoneallmicr | January 27, 2008 at 10:22 PM
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Nitrous oxide (N2O) is mostly emitted via agriculture. It also is an aerosol propellant, rocket oxidiser/propellant, and as nitrous auto performance boosting system.
http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/Y2780E/y2780e01.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxide
http://carbodat1.jrc.it/ccu/pweb/leip/home/GHG_inventories.html