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UCS Shows Flex-Fuel Minivan Design That Could Meet California CO2 Limits
1 March 2007
Automotive engineers at the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) unveiled a minivan design intended to show that automakers could build affordable vehicles with existing technology that would meet or exceed the global warming pollution standards for cars and trucks that have been adopted by California and 10 other states. Automakers are currently fighting these standards in court.
The minivan—the UCS Vanguard—utilizes off-the-shelf engine, transmission and fueling systems and other technologies that would save consumers money, maintain vehicle safety and performance, and cut greenhouse gas emissions by more than 40%. The Vanguard is not a hybrid.
Today’s announcement confirms that we already have the technology and the tools to combat climate change and that now it is simply a question of the political will. Oregon is committed to transitioning to a new generation of cleaner vehicles, and this project demonstrates a clear path forward. It is my hope this will encourage the rest of the nation to join Oregon and the other states already pledged to reduce auto emissions.
—Oregon Gov. Ted Kulongoski
California’s standard requires a 34-percent reduction in global warming pollution for cars and light trucks and a 25-percent reduction for larger trucks and SUVs within the next 10 years. Oregon and nine other states (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont and Washington) have adopted the California clean car standard.
Several other states, including Arizona, Maryland, Minnesota, New Mexico, Tennessee and Texas, are considering or about to adopt the standard.
California is the only state allowed under federal law to set air pollution standards higher than those imposed by the federal government. Other states have the authority to follow California’s lead.
The Vanguard minivan design has eight key components—including improvements in the engine, transmission, air conditioner, fuel system, tires and aerodynamic design—that can be found piecemeal in more than 100 vehicle models on the road today. The Vanguard uses conventional, non-hybrid technology to achieve significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions.
The Vanguard’s six-cylinder engine features cylinder deactivation to shut down half the cylinders in a large engine when full power is not needed. Stoichiometric direct injection places the gasoline directly into the combustion chamber, thereby allowing better mixing of the fuel and air and improved control over the combustion process.
Turbocharging uses the waste heat from the vehicle’s exhaust to compress the air entering the engine’s combustion chamber. This boosting of the inlet air pressure results in higher engine power output, which allows the vehicle designers to select a smaller engine with less global warming emissions.
Variable valve lift and timing reduces engine losses by better controlling the flow of the air and fuel into the engine—leading to more efficient combustion and better performance.
Replacing mechanical components such as power steering with more energy-efficient electrical components can reduce engine load. When this electrification of components is coupled with a high-efficiency advanced alternator, global warming emissions can be reduced even further.
The minivan’s automated manual transmission electronically adjusts its six gears to increase performance and efficiency.
Stronger hoses and tighter connections in the Vanguard’s air conditioning system reduce the amount hydrofluorocarbon, which leak into the air. The minivan also uses HFC-152a, a refrigerant with a much lower global warming potential (120 times more potent than carbon dioxide) than HFC-134a (1,300 times more potent).
Direct CO2-equivalent emissions of refrigerant from a 152a system can be reduced by 95% or more compared with a baseline 134a system because of the smaller amount of refrigerant needed, lower leak rate, and lower global warming potential. Indirect CO2–equivalent emissions can be reduced by up to 10%.
The Vanguard is designed to run on either pure gasoline or a mixture of gasoline and as much as 85% ethanol. Using 85% corn-based ethanol can reduce global warming pollution from 10% to 30%, according to UCS. Using cellulosic ethanol could cut global warming pollution by as much as 90 percent. There are currently 32 types of flex-fuel vehicles on the road.
Resources:
March 1, 2007 in Climate Change, Emissions, Fuel Efficiency | Permalink | Comments (38) | TrackBack (0)
Comments
Posted by: tom | March 02, 2007 at 10:55 AM
Marcus:
Compare this paper to the PHEV. Unlike this paper exercise, the advocates of PHEVs put their money where their mouthes are and actually modified existing Priuses and demonstrated beyond a doubt that it works.
Why should I give so much weight to the UCS when they can't produce a real life example? It's a paper exercise with some pretty strong arguments. But I reserve judgment until there are actual working examples on the road and their calculations are borne out under real world conditions.
Posted by: Cervus | March 02, 2007 at 12:17 PM
One reason the new tech doesnt pop up in the minivan yet is reliablity figures. Minivans are sold based on reliability and passenger and cargo space. Thus they often use reliable and simple engines and transmissions and so on. Things that wont break down when you have to pick up your kid.
Now on the other hand a bybrid design is proving to be MORE reliable then conventional designs and as such if the cost goes down into the range of a minivans budget then we likely will stat to see high end hybrid minivans.
Posted by: wintermane | March 02, 2007 at 12:53 PM
Minivans have shrinking market share and low profit margins. You will NOT see any automaker selling a combination "high tech" components in a minivan for sale in the US until the tech has become ubiquitous throughout their range (the Odyssey, for example, was one of the LAST Honda vehicles to receive the VTEC system).
Posted by: Patrick | March 02, 2007 at 01:46 PM
I agree Cervus. One question is why aren't these current PHEVs being used as an example in this legal fight? Perhaps because the conversions still cost over $10000 and its untried technology. I think the main point here is although they haven't actually made it, on paper its designed using fairly standard technology and its less than $1000 more expensive initially which should be more than compensated for over the lifetime of the vehicle. Yes, to actually have made it would be even more impressive, but its now up to the automakers to show where their on-paper calculations are wrong. I didn't hear anyone here complaining that the automaker's claim that it couldn't be done wasn't backed up the failure of a real attempt. They didn't even come up with a paper argument to my knowledge, its been all verbage. Why come down so hard on the UCS?
Posted by: marcus | March 02, 2007 at 01:50 PM
The Dodge Sprinter is a very interesting example of a large capacity vehicle the gets better mileage than those SUVs we keep seeing in TV commercials. The UCS could have borrowed one and parked it outside the lobbyist's office GM and Ford hired to complain to Congress what can't be done. The Sprinter has a small turbo-diesel engine and a six-speed transmission just like the UCS design.
Posted by: tom deplume | March 02, 2007 at 02:10 PM
tom deplume,
How many Dodge Sprinters sell in the US? How many Dodge Sprinters are sold for personal use? Crash ratings, reliability, and cost of Sprinter versus other comparable vehicles?
Posted by: Patrick | March 02, 2007 at 02:53 PM
That's not the point. The Sprinter competes against full-sized V8-powered GM and Ford vans (and uses a lot less fuel than those do). There's currently a technical emissions compliance problem with putting diesel engines into vehicles with less than 8500 lb GVWR, but the ULSD situation is in the process of fixing that.
Diesel engine + biofuel is a better and more effective and more practical solution than what UCS is proposing. Their proposal is a continuation of their anti-diesel propaganda, nothing more. The part about more efficient transmissions is valid, but VW already has this (DSG), and GM's upcoming two-mode hybrid transmission will address this and more.
Posted by: Brian | March 02, 2007 at 05:55 PM
Current Dodge Caravan has cast iron block, two valves per cylinder, 9.3 compression ratio, no VVT, pushrod engine with 3.3 liter displacement and output of 170 hp. Every other minivan on American market is the collection of oldest available technology too. Japanese the same, they just do not have such antiques at hand.
How to change this situation? I have no idea. I bet UCS too. They just exposed the problem.
BTW, as I know, there are no minivans with automatic transmission in Europe, and no minivans with manual in US.
Posted by: Andrey | March 02, 2007 at 07:47 PM
Minivans make you feel old yet an SUV is the next best thing to sliced bread? What exactly is an SUV if it isn't a 4WD station wagon? Wasn't the station wagon the last "Mom mobile"?
$2 billion in advertisement telling people that their current vehicle isn't going to get them "lucky" and the result is what the "market" chooses? OK. Sure. As long as you ignore the finger prints on the steering wheel.
Posted by: APosterFormerlyKnownAsAndy | March 02, 2007 at 10:16 PM
Advertizing isnt about telling you what you want itds about trying to convince people that what they want is in fact contained in that item they are making.
Poeple raly wanted something sprty and with intility.. so guess what they came up with.....
The want for sporty utility vehicles predates the sub and in fact they stumbled onto the scene by total accident.
Ots realy nothing different then everyone saying thiey have cheesy meaty pizza its a no brainer because people likely cheesy and they like meaty. Advertizing didnt do that it just lets em try to out cheesy out meaty others.
BUT you an try and make a new kind of cheesy meaty pizza... thats the crossover.
Posted by: wintermane | March 04, 2007 at 02:23 PM
I guess I will have to tell the fashion industry that all their effort is for naught?
Horsepucks, wants aren't some kind of fixed given. Most of our current wants weren't even known a century ago.
There are limitations to what even a few billion in advertisement/marketing can achieve, but "the market" is most definitely a highly manipulated beast with numerous feedback loops.
Basic physical desires are likely to remain the same, but equivalent utility can be provided many different ways. Skim, 1%, 2%, whole milk, soy milk, yogurt. Just because they are all drinking whole milk now doesn't mean that equivalent or higher utility can't be met another way.
Posted by: APosterFormerlyKnownAsAndy | March 05, 2007 at 08:29 PM
Oh well there i that group. The tenedy people.
You know the ones you laugh at as they sit at the side of the road in a pile of overpriced junk that breaks even before they can lose interest and buy new.
They serve thier pupose.. after all if not for them the blasted advertizers would be annoying US and of course when the clmate goes to hell and we all sart to starve the trendy will make wonderfuly tasty meals... assuming they arnt mostly plastic of course...
Posted by: wintermane | March 06, 2007 at 04:20 PM
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Mario.
You don't understand. Norteamericanos want it all. You will have to pry their SUVs and big trucks from their cold, dying hands.
Weight reductions are for the rest of the world.