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Study: Black Carbon Pollution Major Factor in Global Warming
23 March 2008
Black carbon, a form of particulate air pollution most often produced from burning biomass, cooking with solid fuels and diesel exhaust, has a warming effect in the atmosphere that is three to four times greater than prevailing estimates, according to a new study published online in the journal Nature Geoscience. (Earlier post.)
Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego atmospheric scientist V. Ramanathan (earlier post) and University of Iowa chemical engineer Greg Carmichael said that soot and other forms of black carbon could have as much as 60% of the current global warming effect of carbon dioxide, more than that of any greenhouse gas except CO2. The researchers also noted, however, that mitigation would have immediate societal benefits in addition to the long term effect of reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Black carbon in soot is the dominant absorber of visible solar radiation in the atmosphere. Anthropogenic sources of black carbon, although distributed globally, are most concentrated in the tropics where solar irradiance is highest. Black carbon is often transported over long distances, mixing with other aerosols along the way. The aerosol mix can form transcontinental plumes of atmospheric brown clouds, with vertical extents of 3 to 5 km. Because of the combination of high absorption, a regional distribution roughly aligned with solar irradiance, and the capacity to form widespread atmospheric brown clouds in a mixture with other aerosols, emissions of black carbon are the second strongest contribution to current global warming, after carbon dioxide emissions.
—“Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon”
In the paper, Ramanathan and Carmichael integrated observed data from satellites, aircraft and surface instruments about the warming effect of black carbon and found that its forcing, or warming effect, in the atmosphere is about 0.9 W/m2. That compares to estimates of between 0.2 W/m2 and 0.4 W/m2 that were agreed upon as a consensus estimate in a report released last year by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
Ramanathan and Carmichael said the conservative estimates are based on widely used computer model simulations that do not take into account the amplification of black carbon’s warming effect when mixed with other aerosols such as sulfates. The models also do not adequately represent the full range of altitudes at which the warming effect occurs. The most recent observations, in contrast, have found significant black carbon warming effects at altitudes in the range of 2 kilometers (6,500 feet), levels at which black carbon particles absorb not only sunlight but also solar energy reflected by clouds at lower altitudes.
Between 25% and 35% of black carbon in the global atmosphere comes from China and India, emitted from the burning of wood and cow dung in household cooking and through the use of coal to heat homes. Countries in Europe and elsewhere that rely heavily on diesel fuel for transportation also contribute large amounts.
Per capita emissions of black carbon from the United States and some European countries are still comparable to those from south Asia and east Asia.
—V. Ramanathan
In south Asia, pollution often forms a prevalent brownish haze that has been termed the “atmospheric brown cloud.” Ramanathan’s previous research has indicated that the warming effects of this smog appear to be accelerating the melt of Himalayan glaciers that provide billions of people throughout Asia with drinking water. In addition, the inhalation of smoke during indoor cooking has been linked to the deaths of an estimated 400,000 women and children in south and east Asia.
Observationally based studies such as ours are converging on the same large magnitude of black carbon heating as modeling studies from Stanford, Caltech and NASA. We now have to examine if black carbon is also having a large role in the retreat of arctic sea ice and Himalayan glaciers as suggested by recent studies.
—V. Ramanathan
Elimination of black carbon, a contributor to global warming and a public health hazard, offers a nearly instant return on investment, the researchers said. Black carbon particles only remain airborne for weeks at most compared to carbon dioxide, which remains in the atmosphere for more than a century. In addition, technology that could substantially reduce black carbon emissions already exists in the form of commercially available products.
Ramanathan said that an observation program for which he is currently seeking corporate sponsorship could dramatically illustrate the benefits. Known as Project Surya, the proposed venture would provide some 20,000 rural Indian households with smoke-free cookers and equipped to transmit data. At the same time, a team of researchers led by Ramanathan would observe air pollution levels in the region to measure the effect of the cookers.
The National Science Foundation, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration funded the review.
Resources
V. Ramanathan & G. Carmichael, Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon, Nature Geoscience, Published online: 23 March 2008 | doi: 10.1038/ngeo156
March 23, 2008 in Biomass, Climate Change, Diesel, Emissions | Permalink | Comments (19) | TrackBack (0)
Comments
Posted by: Treehugger | March 23, 2008 at 04:42 PM
In addition to soot in the air, it would not surprise me if we found out that carbon black settling on Arctic ice and glaciers is one, if not the, major cause of accelerated ice melting. We've all seen diesel soot spewing out of truck exhausts or seen plumes of black smoke from the many coal plants in China. It has to land somewhere. Snow and ice melt faster with even a light dusting of soot. Dramatically reducing slash burning, along with minimizing diesel and coal fired soot, could prove to be the best short term solution to preserving ice on our planet.
If we truly want to slow the major melting taking place on our planet, we may need to make soot reduction a much higher priority than we do now.
Posted by: James White | March 23, 2008 at 08:57 PM
At least in the case of soot, reduction efforts will pay off in immediately improved human health. This is not so much the case for CO2.
Posted by: George | March 23, 2008 at 09:04 PM
Here is a link to an article written last year on the impact that dust has on accelerating glacier and snow melt.
http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/42794/story.htm
Posted by: James White | March 23, 2008 at 09:29 PM
Here is another link to a NASA study of the impact of soot on glacier melting.
http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2003/1223blacksoot.html
Posted by: James White | March 23, 2008 at 09:36 PM
The Technology to eliminate soot from dung cooking fires is quite cheap and simple. An enclosed bucket to hold the dung lets methane gas be produced for fuel, then the dung is still available for fertilizer, and also sequesters much of the carbon.
Mass producing the system, and subsidizing it will make life better for all on the planet, but especially better for those with such limited cooking fuel options.
Posted by: John Taylor | March 24, 2008 at 07:47 AM
So does this cancel out global cooling? Does it do more? Less? Or is global cooling just a crock? Or is this a crock?
Posted by: mulad | March 24, 2008 at 07:57 AM
If much of the observed global warming is due to black soot, this is actually good news, since it means the warming from greenhouse gases is necessarily smaller.
Posted by: Paul Dietz | March 24, 2008 at 08:53 AM
John Taylor:
Along with solar energy, Grameen Shakti is promoting just what you suggest:
"GS has been successful in promoting and constructing both domestic and larger sizes biogas plants to rural villagers. Impact on biogas plant owners has been positive and demand is increasing day by day. All its clients are enjoying hassle free and pollution free energy for cooking and business activities. Bangladesh has the potential for developing 4 million biogas plants. GS intends to further scale up its successful pilot project and develop a 5 year action plan for expanding biogas program in Bangladesh."
http://www.grameen-info.org/grameen/gshakti/programs.html
Posted by: JMartin | March 24, 2008 at 09:26 AM
Biogas production from food waste is increasingly popular among the poor in India's cities:
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=316560321556323545&q=biogas+india&total=17&start=0&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=0
In the countryside, dung is generally used instead of food waste. The effluent can be separated into a liquid and a solid phase, though farmers in the Third World could only afford the required machine if they're organized in a biogas co-op. Video is in German, it primarily highlights that the press adapts pressure automatically to the consistency of the input, which is what's left over after anaerobic digestion. Both phases are valuable fertilizer, but they differ in handling.
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-2197205014897681910&q=biogas+quetschprofi&total=1&start=0&num=10&so=0&type=search&plindex=0
Burning raw biogas does generate sulfur emissions, but not soot. Fortunately, hydrogen sulfide scrubbing is cost-effective even at small scales, whereas refining to biomethane only makes sense for large installations and if a local gas consumer is available or feeding into the grid is permitted (e.g. in the EU).
Posted by: | March 24, 2008 at 10:32 AM
Would it be possible to convince the households to use solar cookers?
Posted by: TB2 | March 24, 2008 at 11:04 AM
TB2:
It may not be a matter of convincing, it may be more a matter of distribution and financing. See the following:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8E3WEZLKEUI
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6YTNWRgHYqw&feature=related
Posted by: JMartin | March 24, 2008 at 12:10 PM
Wonder how much black carbon comes from the many million badly designed wood stoves and fireplaces.
Posted by: Harvey D | March 24, 2008 at 12:33 PM
Interesting. Except... Where is the Warming? There has been virtually none for a decade, despite rising CO2 levels.
Now there is another method proposed to warm the tropics. If true, it is yet more indirect evidence that CO2 is way over-rated in its power to warm the Earth.
Aerosols are usually cited by climatologists, as a cooling phenomenon that shields the Earth from the full effect of CO2 induced warming. Here it is proposed to augment the warming. Still acting in concert with CO2, with both acting, there has been virtually no warming for a decade.
Letting the Third World remain in poverty and undeveloped, as would be the consequences of much of their proposals , would keep this carbon soot warming the Earth.
There is also one statement in this article that the UN's IPCC said in AR4, that is out right wrong. In AR4 the IPCC said the AGW thesis is partially dependent on an extended duration in the atmosphere of CO2. The reason for that as advanced by AGW proponents, is that CO2 DOES NOT behave consistently, as the universal laws for gas-liquid mixture do, for all other gas-liquid mixtures in solubility.
The IPCC has now said it will cease supporting this unique CO2 hypothesis in the IPCC's next report, AR5, as new scientific evidence continues to build that CO2 does behave just like like all other liquid-gas solubility mixtures.
The IPCC said in AR4, it will give proponents of extended CO2 residency, a final four or five years to find the evidence that they have been unable to find for the past thirty years. Meanwhile new scientific evidence continually piles up that the hypothesis is outright wrong, and the IPCC can no longer ignore that scientific evidence.
In short the IPCC is prepared to return to atmospheric CO2-ocean following Henry's Law for Solubility.
In that case, CO2 is resident in the atmosphere for 5.7 years and NOT centuries. This conforms to Henry's Law calculation, and other new evidence is supporting. CO2's power to alter the climate is emasculated in direct proportion to its residency time. Or the time CO2 can act to warm the Earth. If the current estimate was a century, (some AGW proponents assert 3 centuries) and the new, (i.e. original, old) is 5.7 years, then the power to warm the Earth, shrinks to 5.7% of what was originally feared by AGW proponents.
Posted by: Stan Peterson | March 24, 2008 at 12:34 PM
Global warming or no, reduction of airbourne soot would be a good thing. It will just take some time for technology and traditions to change.
Posted by: tthoms | March 24, 2008 at 12:45 PM
Like James White I have believed the soot falling upon northern regions and artic ice is an underweighted factor in climate studies. A few recent studies seem to be leading that way.
Soot on ice and snow is somewhat self limiting. It must be constantly renewed or it disappears with melting or is covered by new snow within a relatively short time. Airborne soot is also naturally depleted but perhaps not at a rate suitable to humans trying to maintain a good environment.
Posted by: K | March 24, 2008 at 06:44 PM
What this proves is global warming and ice melting is regional. That China and Russia are the main culprits.
America cleaned up long ago in comparison to these two communist nations.
We can always improve, but the soot problem is largely responsible for the heavy ice-melt.
Solve China's coal soot problem, solve artic melt and mountain glacier melt problems.
We've been in a cooling trend the last few years. We've had record snow falls in Canada and most of the north this year in America. We've had stasis for the last decade in temperature.
Truth is, "we simply don't know" yet all the variables. Eliminating pollutions of any kind is good. But we need to be very careful on spending binges due to false data and fictional movies told by politicians who benefit from the cap and trade investment. This needs to be well thought out and our scientist need time to reflect more on all the issues, not just CO2.
Besides, the doomsday scenario is far from accurate and may be completely off the mark. In fact, warming trends in the past show the world was abundant and teeming with life during warm seasons north and south of traditional climate zones today.
I'm all for clean air, water and energy independence. But I'm glad to see other studies finally coming to the foreground which can dissipate some of the hysteria unleashed by false prophets. None of these findings should change the urgent need to move forward in all areas of research.
Posted by: Michael | March 27, 2008 at 07:54 PM
No one is saying spend $100B per year on GW like we are spending on Iraq. People see how several things are interconnected here. The main items are air pollution and energy. We can do better. To deflect attention and action from air quality and energy security by talking about the supposed uncertainty of global warming and GDP reduction is just delaying what we need to do. People know what we need to do. Now they are looking for the leadership to help do it.
Posted by: sjc | April 02, 2008 at 09:36 PM
I hope things will change in the world!
Posted by: | December 03, 2008 at 11:22 AM
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That is quite interesting indeed, if you add the burning of rain forest you are probably beyond 100%, and it is probably responsible of a local warming effect much more than CO2, soot lifetime being much shorter than CO2. That could be a solid argument to convince developped country to stop burning biomass in poorly designed burner and stove but also to convince them to stop burning the rain forest, then would leave them more room to emit CO2.