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Study: Fuel Cell Vehicles Necessary for Long-Term Significant Reduction in GHG, Criteria Pollutants and Oil Consumption

1 April 2008

Thomas1
Projected greenhouse gas emissions from light-duty vehicles under five of the vehicle scenarios: reference case gasoline ICE, gasoline HEV, gasoline PHEV, biofuel PHEV, and fuel cell vehicle (FCV). Click to enlarge.

Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles will be essential to cutting greenhouse gases by 60% below 1990 levels in the transportation sector; virtually eliminating urban air pollution; and reducing oil consumption to a point that US domestic oil production can supply all non-transportation petroleum needs, according to a paper presented at the National Hydrogen Association’s Annual Meeting by Dr. Sandy Thomas, the president of H2Gen Innovations, Inc. H2Gen Innovations is a manufacturer of hydrogen generation and gas purification systems.

The paper, Comparison of Transportation Options in a Carbon-Constrained World: Hydrogen, Plug-in Hybrids and Biofuels, modeled emissions and fuel consumption in eight types of vehicle—including combustion engine vehicles (ICEV), hybrids (HEV), plug-in hybrids (PHEV), fuel cell (FCV) and battery electric (BEV)—and five different fuels: gasoline, diesel, cellulosic ethanol, hydrogen and grid electricity.

For each vehicle/fuel combination, Thomas calculated the criteria emissions (VOCs, NOx, CO, SOx, PM2.5, PM10), greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and oil consumption using the GREET model from Argonne National Laboratory. Thomas modified some of the GREET default input parameters over time to reflect the changing methods of producing ethanol, hydrogen and electricity, particularly when carbon constraints are introduced.

The model monetizes the externality costs associated with air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions and oil consumption. To estimate the cost of building a national hydrogen infrastructure, it uses the H2A cost model developed by the US Department of Energy and its contractors.

The key findings of the study include:

Thomas2
Greenhouse gas reduction factors compared to gasoline ICEVs. Click to enlarge.

Greenhouse gases. The fuel cell vehicle is the only option that achieves the goal of reducing GHGs by 60% or more below 1990 levels in the transportation sector; the second-best option, cellulosic ethanol PHEVs, could at best achieve a 20% reduction, and even then not until 2090.

In this model, the BEV actually has higher GHG emissions than a gasoline car in the near-term before the electrical grid carbon constraints take effect.

Criteria pollutants. The FCV would virtually eliminate urban air pollution from the transportation sector by 2100; all other vehicle/fuel options including both gasoline and ethanol PHEVs would produce essentially the same or greater urban air pollution as the existing car fleet due to increased vehicle miles traveled.

Petroleum consumption. FCVs enable what Thomas calls energy “quasi-independence”—reducing consumption to the level where the projected US oil production of 7.5 million barrels/day in 2030 could meet all non-transportation needs (6.2 Mbbl/d, assuming no growth), leaving 1.3 Mbbl/d for transportation needs.

Hydrogen infrastructure cost. The cost of installing a hydrogen infrastructure is small compared to current costs for maintaining the existing gasoline and diesel fueling systems, according to the study, and hydrogen infrastructure costs are dwarfed by the societal cost savings.

Societal cost savings. Thomas devised a single figure-of-merit to compare all vehicle/fuel combinations: the total societal costs including the costs of urban air pollution, greenhouse gas pollution, and the cost of oil imports. To further consolidate the data, he calculated the societal cost reduction factor for each alternative vehicle/fuel combination; the reduction factor is the total societal cost of the baseline gasoline ICEV averaged over each time period divided by the societal cost of the alternative vehicle over that period.

FCVs provide greater societal cost savings than the other alternatives considered: each FCV sold will cut societal costs by a factor of 7.6 relative to conventional gasoline cars in the near-term (now to 2020), by a factor of 9.5 in the mid-term (2021 to 2050) and by a factor of 15.5 in the long-term (2051 to 2100). The second-best option, according to the study, is the hydrogen-powered ICE HEV (reduction factors of 5.0, 6.2, 11.7); third-best the battery EV (4.2, 4.6, 10.6); fourth-best the ethanol plug-in hybrid (3.8, 4.8, 6.8) and fifth-best the gasoline plug-in hybrid (1.7, 2.1, 2.9).

(A hat-tip to Thomas!)

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April 1, 2008 in Diesel, Electric (Battery), Engines, Fuel Cells, Hybrids, Hydrogen | Permalink | Comments (34) | TrackBack (0)

Comments

What a F@&^ing joke this study is!

Posted by: Neil | April 01, 2008 at 09:43 AM

I'm sure that a comparison of the electric vs. hydrogen sources used in the study will yield much derisive laughter.

Posted by: Reality Czech | April 01, 2008 at 09:59 AM

A real April Fool's joke.

Posted by: BlackSun | April 01, 2008 at 10:03 AM

OK ... If this is an April Fuels joke, you just got me! ROFL.

Posted by: Neil | April 01, 2008 at 10:10 AM

If it was tomorrow, I would dignify that study with a response.

Oops, wait a minute, I already have....

Posted by: clett | April 01, 2008 at 10:29 AM

Impressive, how they are capable of predicting the evolution of the different technologies by 2100.
Predicting 10 years ahead would already be spectacular, but they do even better.

Posted by: Alain | April 01, 2008 at 10:52 AM

Jesus Christ on a Pogo Stick!! When the president of H2Gen Innovations, Inc. sez the world needs Fool-Cells could you possibly doubt his veracity.

Posted by: DS | April 01, 2008 at 10:54 AM

Apparently he can see 100 years into the future; that's a good trick. This is generally laughable marketing material, good for April 1st reading.

Posted by: Lulu | April 01, 2008 at 11:04 AM

All you have to read is that part that says "according to a paper presented at the National Hydrogen Association’s Annual Meeting..." I wonder if there were any papers presented at that meeting arguing that hydrogen fuel in the transportation industry is a dead end technology.

Posted by: Mick | April 01, 2008 at 11:17 AM

Green Car Congress should be more selective in reviewing before publishing on their website some studies. This one is clearly not serious, cheap the infrastructure for H2 ? recently SAN JOSE reported that their pilot experiment of H2 bus cost 50 times than a diesel bus. In all the study not a word on where the H2 is coming from, not mentionning the desastreaous well to wheel efficiency of H2. California reported recently that most of H2 approachs are essentialy GHG positive compared to Gazoline, far from this rosy piece of desinformation

Posted by: Treehugger | April 01, 2008 at 11:22 AM

Nah, Green Car Congress IS selective : remember today is the 1st of April...

Posted by: François | April 01, 2008 at 11:55 AM

Somebody knows how much hydrogen TODAY is needed to produce 1 liter of gasoline from the today poor oil quality?

Posted by: paul | April 01, 2008 at 12:37 PM

Interesting approach to feathering your own nest, justifying H2 when there's all that solar energy just going to waste every day and just waiting for utilization to turn it into electricity to charge batteries.

The sad part of all this is "the great unwashed" will believe it if you keep harping at them about how great H2 will be. I think the idea behind selling this red herring is to repeat the same idea over and over again until people acually believing it over time.

As we who read GCC know, there are still too many problems to solve trying to bring H2 to market: manufacturing the gas is way too expense because of the amount of energy that is needed to break the strong atomic bonding, there is no inexpensive, safe way to store the gas in an automobile, and the devices, such as fuel cells and ICEs are very ineffecient in extracting power from the gas.

The problem we have as advocates of plug in electric cars is getting the correct information about H2 to our fellow world citizens and politicians so they can make informed decisions.

Posted by: Lad | April 01, 2008 at 01:05 PM

I particularly like the assumption that core ICE drivetrain efficiency will not improve over the next 100 years, even though car makers are tripping over themselves to pick low-hanging fruit and reporting gains left right and center.

Combine those with biofuels - not corn ethanol, something sustainably - and aggressive hybridization and you achieve almost the same gain with far less risk.

Note that the study assumes that CCS will become not only technically but also economically feasible and mandatory. It implies that H2 production will not create any CO2 emissions, i.e. that it is wholly based on either renewable or nuclear energy.

Posted by: Rafael Seidl | April 01, 2008 at 01:46 PM

Plug-in hybrids and BEV are more efficient and they can be made today. They should get incentives and attention now.

But the risk area for electric cars is the cost of and scaleability of energy storage. Maybe improvements and reductions in cost of batteries and hyper capacitors will make the issue on onboard energy storage moot but its also possible that fuel cell advances will drop the cost of that technology to make it sufficiently competitive. Clearly hydrogen will never be as efficient as ready electrons but it might have a role to play if we get to the point that renewables produce surplus energy. Remember that gas power did not win on efficiency either, it was cost, concentration of power and convenience.

I don't think the applicability of fuel cells at any point in the future should be a religious question the way it is for some BEV advocates. Should plug-ins and BEV wait while some research FC? Of course not. Is H2 research and FC a total waste? No we can't say that today either. The answer will only come when we see the developments in energy storage and fuel cells that has not happened yet. The economics of production and the costs and benefits of any potential product will decide the fake of either technology.

Posted by: david | April 01, 2008 at 01:52 PM

@Treehugger

To be fair, I pointed GCC at this report and I knew it would generate some interesting feedback. GCC has to reflect what is out there even if it is self-serving guff. We all then get a chance to review and discuss the various merits (if any!) and angles.

Posted by: Thomas Lankester | April 01, 2008 at 02:27 PM

I kind of like the idea of fuel cells. Maybe back when cars first came out, there were people that said that cars were unnecessary and would not work.

Some may say that they will never work or never be practical. I am not convinced of that.

Posted by: sjc | April 01, 2008 at 05:00 PM

"The sad part of all this is "the great unwashed" will believe it if you keep harping at them about how great H2 will be."

Applicable to all manner of claims.

Posted by: gr | April 01, 2008 at 05:28 PM

The part they leave out is Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVS).

They archive the same or greater as the fuel cells without all of that pesky hydrogen. They have been proven with 10 year old technology. Big corps don't like the fact that you don't need to go to them for the fuel source.

Sure fuel cell's will advance but so well BEV's. BEVS are producible now.

Posted by: hampden wireless | April 01, 2008 at 05:52 PM

Thomas

I admit that my comment was a bit harsh and this report has been published anyway. Also I think we should make a distinction betwen H2 economy and Fuel cell powered vehicles which can use reformed ethanol. I personally don't believe in a H2 infrastructure, but Fuel cell using reformed ethanol could be a more realistic approach, but in that case the gain in efficiency as well as GHG emission might not be that fantastic compared to PHEV using advanced ICE (HCCI or diesel free piston for example)engine.

Posted by: Treehugger | April 01, 2008 at 06:24 PM

Granted, this report is obviously biased, but I don't believe that it is out of the realm of possibility that hydrogen will play a role in being a long term solution to our oil addiction.
All of this arguing over BEV's and FCV's and which vehicle will control the market is unwarranted. In my opinion, the car of the future will be a plug in with a fuel cell, that would be the power source that recharges the batteries when needed. Chevy introduced a fuel cell version of the Volt in China last year. Let's face it, batteries aren't perfect either. A combined powertrain that takes the best qualities from both batteries and fuel cells would be the ultimate vehicle. Cellulosic ethanol prodcution could be easily retrofited to manufacture hydrogen if the ethanol was made from gasification that chemically or biologically converted the syngas.

Posted by: Chris | April 01, 2008 at 07:10 PM

This gentleman is very pessimistic. He doesn't think that any method will reduce CO2 to 1990 levels until mid century at best, and then only FCEVs with all the waste electricity or hydrocarbons manipulated in accounting to not be counted to reduce accountable driving CO2 to 80% BELOW 1990 Levels.

Drivel.

PHEVs can achieve a market penetration of 50% by 2015, and is not an not unreasonable assumption. Then half the installed LDV fleet will be PHEV or HEV by 2020. CO2 emission would decline to to 60% of present emissions because oil demand would drop to 60% of today's consumption by that date.

The new Nukes coming online by then will chop the coal burners by 20% and cut CO2 by about 15% overall.

So we will below 1990 Kyoto targets and approaching 1970 levels of CO2 output. Problem solved.

But I have a question for all you concerned people. Suppose a country like, say the Netherlands, tried hard and met the Kyoto targets with windmills and lots of mass transit. Should they have to do more in the next post Kyoto treaty because some other slackers did not do their share?

Or would their reward for all the hard work, merely be even more draconian cuts placed and targeted on them?

It's a question that needs answering since I believe a couple of countries, like Netherlands, will actually meet and then exceed their Kyoto targets. Can they just declare victory and keep on keeping on.

I'd like your opinions.

Posted by: stas peterson | April 01, 2008 at 10:38 PM

@ Thomas:

"I pointed GCC at this report"

OK, it's April 2nd now, so please come clean with us all. There is no way on earth this is a real report, even the H2 fanatics can't be this deranged - SURELY!?!?

Posted by: clett | April 02, 2008 at 04:17 AM

National Hydrogen Association glib disinformation?

April fools joke?

Since when are plug in battery electric cars a worse choice than hydrogen fuel cell ones? Since never.

We need an infrastructure for plug in electrics that are available today, not glib promises of hydrogen for tomorrow.

Posted by: John Taylor | April 02, 2008 at 06:55 AM

@Clett et al.

If it was an April Fools prank, it was not by me. I found an uncritical report on Energy Daily (see http://www.energy-daily.com/reports/Fuel_Cell_Vehicles_Are_The_Best_Pathway_To_Environmental_And_Energy_Security_999.html)
I thought that it should not go unchallenged given the inefficiency of storing electricity as hydrogen, H2 storage issues, lack of infrastructure etc. I reckoned that GCC would provide a somewhat less credulous forum and, from your comments, I was not mistaken!

Posted by: Thomas Lankester | April 02, 2008 at 07:19 AM

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