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EPA Study Finds Residential Construction Trends in US Metropolitan Regions Showing Substantial Shift, But Falling Short of Reshaping Sprawl
27 February 2009
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| Central city share of residential construction. Click to enlarge. |
A new report from the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) suggests that the distribution of residential construction has significantly changed over time in many regions. In more than half of the largest metropolitan areas, urban core communities have significantly increased their share of new residential building permits.
For the report, Dr. John Thomas of the EPA examined residential building permits in the 50 largest metropolitan regions to clarify 1) if there has been a shift toward redevelopment; and 2) in which regions the shift has been most significant. Thomas found that the central city has more than doubled its share in 15 regions, and the increases has been particularly dramatic over the past 5 years.
Data from 2007 show the trend continuing in the wake of the real estate market downturn. However, in many regions, a large share of new residential construction still takes place on previously undeveloped land on the urban fringe. In eight metropolitan areas, urban core suburbs have significantly increased their share of regional housing starts.
Redevelopment in urban core communities adds up to more than half of new residential construction in only one region: New York. In 7 regions, urban infill development accounts for between 25-50% of new construction: San Francisco; Miami; San Diego; Dallas; Chicago; Portland, Oregon; and Norfolk/Virginia Beach, Virginia. In 13 regions, infill development significantly increased but accounted for less than 25% of new residential units. In 12 regions, there was very little change in the distribution.
In the housing boom between 2001 and 2005, the number of residential units built each year grew dramatically across all categories and regions. In 2006 and 2007, there was a sharp decline. However, the drop-off has been uneven across the housing market:
Single family units have declined most rapidly, while the construction of multifamily units has fallen more modestly.
The number of new high-density residential units has not declined from the 200,000 units per year level produced at the height of the real estate boom.
Construction of rental units is actually up slightly in 2007, while condos have declined at a rate similar to single-family detached units.
While these trends reveal a substantial shift in residential construction patterns, they also suggest that the change is not yet reshaping the face of urban America as a whole. A large share of new residential construction still takes place on previously undeveloped land at the urban fringe. In some regions there has been little change in the share of new construction taking place in central cities. In other regions, central cities have increased their relative share of building permits, but still account for a small overall share at the regional level. Although urban core neighborhoods have doubled or tripled their share of residential construction since the early 1990s, they still account for less than half of all new residential units in most regions. The “urban infill” share would be larger if redevelopment in growing suburbs was also considered, but it would still not likely represent a majority of new construction in more than a handful of regions.
—Thomas (2009)
Resources
John Thomas (2009) Residential Construction Trends in America’s Metropolitan Regions
February 27, 2009 in Infrastructure, Market Background, Policy | Permalink | Comments (5) | TrackBack (0)
Comments
Posted by: ejj | February 27, 2009 at 05:53 PM
As a developer of real estate I find this article seriously lacking insight, and it is too early for serious analysis of how the economic turmoil will affect future housing constuction patterns.
I do suspect that the current economy will dramaticaly reshape how things are done, as major economic events always do. But it is very hard to pull out the crystal ball just yet and determine exactly what these changes will be.
Single family construction will always react more quickly to changes in the economy than large multi-family developments. Big developments take several years of planning and permitting, and then consruction, so many of them are too far along to pull the plug. Wait another 12-15 months and you'll really know if big projects are stopped (they are, by the way).
There is a short-term boost in rentership as otherwise stable home buyers find it prudent to wait to buy. Will this be a permenent shift towards lower home ownership numbers? My guess is yes, but until we see the long-term numbers we won't know.
A lot also depends on how the economy performs over the next three years. If we begin a steady recovery sometime in 2010, then the the long-term home ownership changes should be less pronounced. But if the severe recession drags into 2011 or 2012, then we will certainly see a generation that is much more thrifty and saves more, as we saw after the great depression.
The other factor is oil prices. A longer recession means lower oil prices, so there is a negative feedback loop built into our financial decisions about whether to live in an urban setting or not. Poor economy and lack of jobs certainly pushed folks to the city core, but the corresponding low oil prices push buyers back out to the fringes.
It is indeed and interesting conversation, but right now we should only be asking questions. It is way to early to draw conclusions.
Posted by: Justin VP | March 01, 2009 at 06:05 PM
One thing that can push people out of the cities is food riots and civil unrest. It can get hairy fast when things go south.
Posted by: wintermane2000 | March 03, 2009 at 09:32 AM
.
I, too, love the gridlocked traffic of urban areas. Yes, I, too, love it living in high crime/murder rate urban areas. Yep, I, too, love it that my urban neighbors will stand by watching while an innocent person is being beaten to a pulp. Uh, huh, I too, am filled with glee that urban children are forced to stay in failing schools. Who in their right mind would want to leave high crime, gridlocked traffic, failing schools, and uncivil neighbors?!?
Cities are the best!
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Posted by: The Goracle | March 06, 2009 at 07:47 PM
As long as people commute long distances 5 days per week, we will have imported oil problems. Telecommute, car pool, transit or whatever it takes can make a big difference.
Posted by: SJC | March 10, 2009 at 08:45 PM
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"Single family units have declined most rapidly, while the construction of multifamily units has fallen more modestly." - No surprise here. Places like Phoenix and Orlando are loaded with new subdivisions that have vast numbers of empty homes in foreclosure and new residential development has generally come to a screeching halt.
"The number of new high-density residential units has not declined from the 200,000 units per year level produced at the height of the real estate boom." - This is because developers found out long ago that building "high-end" "upscale" apartments with reasonable rent prices is a great strategy; they can always convert to condos & kick out the lower income tenants when/if the market is right. Here in Orlando, new apartment complexes continue to be built.
"Construction of rental units is actually up slightly in 2007, while condos have declined at a rate similar to single-family detached units." - Again, no surprise. People with the ARM's who have foreclosed either went back south of the border or went into rentals for the most part, which has maintained the demand.