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Use of Reformed Exhaust Gas Recirculation Gas as a Dual Fuel Can Significantly Reduce Both NOx and Smoke in a Diesel Engine at Low Loads
17 October 2009
| Proposed engine-reformer-diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) system. Credit: ACS, Tsolakis et al. (2009) Click to enlarge. |
Using hot reformed exhaust gas recirculation (REGR) gas as a dual fuel in a diesel under low-load operation can result in a “significant” reduction of both NOx and smoke engine emissions without a penalty in fuel consumption, according to a new study by team of researchers from the UK, Italy and Jordan led by Dr. Athanasios Tsolakis at the University of Birmingham. A paper on their study appeared online 7 October in the ACS journal Energy & Fuels.
In the exhaust gas fuel-reforming method, part of the engine exhaust gas reacts with small amounts of engine fuel in a mini-reactor fitted in the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) loop to produce gaseous fuel named reformed EGR (REGR), which contains H2, CO, CH4, and CO2. The REGR gas is fed back to the engine inlet.
| Effects of the level of REGR addition on (a) NOx, (b) BSN, (c) BSFC, and (d) unburnt hydrocarbons. Credit: ACS, Tsolakis et al. 2009. Click to enlarge. |
The team used a 773 cm3, naturally-aspirated, air-cooled, single-cylinder DI diesel engine (Lister-Petter TR1) with a compression ratio of 15.45:1 in the study. They modified the engine to operate under dual-fuel conditions with a flexible selection of diesel/gaseous fuel ratios. Emission analysis included measurement of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide (both by nondispersive IR), unburned hydrocarbons (FID), oxygen (electrochemical method), and NOx (chemiluminescence) emissions. Smoke was measured using a Bosch smoke meter, giving smoke emissions in terms of Bosch smoke numbers (BSNs).
They found that:
Significant improvements in the NOx-smoke trade-off and gaseous fuel use were obtained without penalty in fuel consumption from the dual-fueled engine with REGR. This was achieved by combining suitable settings of the amount of premixed fuel, amount of in-cylinder injected diesel fuel, and injection timing.
For 30% REGR, the NOx value (1.6 g kW-1 h-1) was lower than the EURO V NOx emission limit (2 g kW-1 h-1) for heavy-duty diesel (HDD) engines.
The in-cylinder diesel injection timing is the predominant parameter that controls the start of combustion for up to 60% mass of the in-cylinder diesel fuel replacement with gaseous fuel (20%REGR). For further replacement of diesel fuel with gaseous fuel, parameters such as the inlet temperature and oxygen-carbon dioxide concentrations affect more dramatically the start of combustion.
With engine operation on dual fuel, the ignition delay was increased, the combustion was shorter, and the cylinder pressure was reduced compared to engine operation on diesel fuel only.
REGR addition of up to 20% showed poor use of the gaseous fuel (CO and H2) in the combustion chamber, and this resulted in increased fuel consumption. A further increase of the hot REGR to 30% improved the gaseous fuel oxidation and, hence, resulted in better fuel economy because of increased inlet temperature and closer to stoichiometric gaseous fuel-air mixture.
The use of CO and H2 in an aftertreatment system, i.e., lean NOx catalysts and diesel particulate filter, will provide additional fuel economy and systems efficiency as well as durability benefits.
While they expect all of the observed trends to be similar for modern on-road vehicle engines, they expect the exact impact on the emissions and engine performance to be different. In addition, REGR application would generate new challenges, such as the even distribution of REGR in each cylinder of a multi-cylinder engine, they wrote.
Resources
A. Tsolakis, R. Torbati, A. Megaritis and A. Abu-Jrai (2009) Low-Load Dual-Fuel Compression Ignition (CI) Engine Operation with an On-Board Reformer and a Diesel Oxidation Catalyst: Effects on Engine Performance and Emissions. Energy Fuels, Article ASAP doi: 10.1021/ef900796p
Tsolakis, A.; Megaritis, A. (2005) Combustion Characteristics and Exhaust Gas Emissions of a Diesel Engine Supplied with Reformed EGR (SAE 2005-01-2087)
October 17, 2009 in Diesel, Emissions, Engines | Permalink | Comments (6) | TrackBack (0)
Comments
Posted by: ToppaTom | October 17, 2009 at 10:44 AM
Good idea. However, diesel under low load does not cause too much smoke nor NOx anyway. It's the highload phase that creates high NOx (high combustion temp) and high smoke (lower air/fuel ratio). For that, they will need to address how effective this scheme will be under high load condition. See on the link below for another similar approach that can give high thermal efficiency and low emission even under high load: (dual gasoline/diesel injection)
http://www.greencarcongress.com/2009/08/reitz-20090803.html
Posted by: Roger Pham | October 17, 2009 at 02:52 PM
Although these piezo injector units with very fast processing are starting to appear, They are infant.
I see that these HF tweeters can change the effective cetane, octane ? any (I'm guessing.) While the current HF injectors are comparable to mutltifire High pressure mechanical injectors,
Experience will tell us the practical limitations.
http://www.greencarcongress.com/2009/10/cleanfuel-20091008.html
"The new piezo injectors with multiple firing can also do their bit to suppress the knock "while retaining the evaporateive cooling benefit." Think the high temp super lean mixes,with modern sensors and ECU's. It makes sense that liquid phase propane is capable of running as a compression engine requiring no spark. Slightly off the track here but as you know many
Posted by: arnold | October 17, 2009 at 06:16 PM
To clarify what I'm suggesting here is that with the newest high power 32 Bit ECU's and sensors controlling valve timing/ compression ratio/ fuel stratification etc any piston (others?) ICE engine can start to behave like like any? of the whole swag of designs that we see coming along.
These advances in enabling technology seem to be now rolling out globally on near weekly basis.
These advances are already enabling current engine families to "effectively behave like just about any *Engine type* or *Fuel* that we are familiar with."
Also many exotics that have never seen service or proved.
Effectively being the operating word.
IT isn't, but that may no longer stop it from behaving as if it were.
Posted by: arnold | October 17, 2009 at 06:46 PM
Roger,
I accept your observations about combustion prospects, but I am wondering whether 'reforming' EGR outside e th cylinder really makes any sense in high load and in turbo/supercharging environments. In both cases the EGR will be further heated by the compression of the intake gases, perhaps creating detonation in the intake manifold, which is not designed to handle such pressures.
I would think that this speaks better to the approach of staged injection inside the cylinder but outside the classic compression point. That is increasingly becoming technically possible with piezo-electric injectors under better computer control.
Is this "advance" nothing more than classic PCCI except done in the intake manifold with EGR gases? I would think that if PCCI is what is desired, it would be safer to do inside the cylinder, gaining cooling, but if PCCI is necessary pre-cylinder mixing, it would be better post intercooler, but before mixture with EGR?
What are your thoughts?
Posted by: Stan Peterson | October 18, 2009 at 02:31 AM
Yes, for higher loads, above the 60% reformed gaseous fuel mass, detonation risk will be the limitation unless intercooler is used to cool the intake air mass. Then, the REGR should be introduced post intercooler to reduce the risk of in-manifold detonation. Hot EGR is what making this fuel reformation possible. Reformation is desirable for diesel fuel due to the fact that heavier-chain hydrocarbon like diesel fuel does not vaporize as readily as gasoline, hence REGR will allow better fuel-air homogeniety than with staged injection strategy.
In-cylinder staged fuel injection is limited by the low vaporization ability of diesel fuel, thus limits engine operational rpm. REGR forms a faster-burning mixture than conventional diesel combustion that may allow diesel operation...ugh...I mean REGR PCCI operation using diesel fuel at higher engine speed, hence increase engine power output.
Posted by: Roger Pham | October 18, 2009 at 10:12 PM
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Sounds like a promising advance - However I have no idea if this team is well respected and credible.
The use of a non-supercharged engine, of only 15:1 CR seems like it might favor this pre-heat scheme.