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Field study finds soot particles absorb significantly less sunlight than predicted by models; climate models may be overestimating warming by BC
1 September 2012
Although viewed as a potential target in the global effort to reduce climate change, atmospheric black carbon particles absorb significantly less sunlight than scientists have predicted, according to a new study by an international team of researchers, published in the journal Science.
Mathematical models and laboratory experiments used to study airborne soot particles led to projections that the absorption-boosting chemicals that coat black carbon could yield an increase in absorption by as much as a factor of two. But direct measurements in two California regions found black carbon absorption enhancements of just 6%, suggesting that climate models may be overestimating warming by black carbon, the researchers report.
Atmospheric black carbon (BC) warms Earth’s climate, and its reduction has been targeted for near-term climate change mitigation. Models that include forcing by BC assume internal mixing with non-BC aerosol components that enhance BC absorption, often by a factor of ~2; such model estimates have yet to be clearly validated through atmospheric observations. Here, direct in situ measurements of BC absorption enhancements (Eabs) and mixing state are reported for two California regions. The observed Eabs is small–6% on average at 532 nm–and increases weakly with photochemical aging. The Eabs is less than predicted from observationally constrained theoretical calculations, suggesting that many climate models may overestimate warming by BC. These ambient observations stand in contrast to laboratory measurements that show substantial Eabs for BC are possible.
—Cappa et al.
The results highlight the early challenges in a nascent sector of climate science and could have implications for regulatory efforts to reduce the production of black carbon, or soot, by curbing the burning of fossil fuels. Still, scientists agree that black carbon in the atmosphere has a significant effect on global and regional climate, with earlier studies ranking the warming effects of black carbon particles second only to carbon dioxide gas.
The team’s field measurements in California showed the enhancement of absorption was very small—approximately six percent instead of by a factor of two. In one respect, it shows that nature is much more complicated than our initial laboratory experiments and modeling indicated. Now we will try to unravel and understand that complexity.
—Boston College Professor of Chemistry Paul Davidovits
Unlike carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gasses, which can survive in the atmosphere for decades and centuries, black carbon has a relatively short life span of approximately one to two weeks. Black carbon is part of a group of pollution sources known as Short-Lived Climate Forcers (SLCFs), including methane gas and ozone, which are produced on earth.
During their lifetime, black carbon particles are coated with airborne chemicals, which laboratory tests have shown can act like lenses capable of increasing the ability of the particles to absorb sunlight and heat the atmosphere. That has raised a critical question as to whether targeting black carbon emissions in an effort to reduce climate change could yield relatively quick results on a regional or global level. (Earlier post.)
Led by principal investigators Christopher D. Cappa, a professor of engineering at the University of California, Davis, and Timothy B. Onasch, principal scientist at Aerodyne and an associate research professor of chemistry at Boston College, the team analyzed air samples near the California cities of Los Angeles, San Francisco and Sacramento.
Researchers tested air samples using a combination of real-time techniques, including aerosol mass spectrometry and photoacoustic spectroscopy. These techniques are capable of making measurements to determine the chemical, physical and optical properties of the black carbon particles, said Onasch, whose Billerica, MA-based company has developed the aerosol mass spectrometer instruments.
Onasch said the recent findings set the stage for further studies around the world under different atmospheric conditions in order to better understand how chemical coatings from a range of emission sources affect the absorptive properties of black carbon.
When you put a soot particle into the atmosphere, we known it contains an elemental carbon component and we know what it's absorption will be based on mass and size. But black carbon particles in the air are constantly changing. They collect inorganic and organic materials, they grow, change shapes, and change composition. These changes affect the absorption or warming capability of the black carbon. So the question remains: to what extent exactly?
—Timothy Onasch
Resources
Christopher D. Cappa, Timothy B. Onasch, Paola Massoli, Douglas R. Worsnop, Timothy S. Bates, Eben S. Cross, Paul Davidovits, Jani Hakala, Katherine L. Hayden, B. Tom Jobson, Katheryn R. Kolesar, Daniel A. Lack, Brian M. Lerner, Shao-Meng Li, Daniel Mellon, Ibraheem Nuaaman, Jason S. Olfert, Tuukka Petäjä, Patricia K. Quinn, Chen Song, R. Subramanian, Eric J. Williams, and Rahul A. Zaveri (2012) Radiative Absorption Enhancements Due to the Mixing State of Atmospheric Black Carbon. Science 337 (6098), 1078-1081. doi: 10.1126/science.1223447
September 1, 2012 in Brief | Permalink | Comments (17) | TrackBack (0)
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Who paid for this study?
Posted by: HarveyD | September 01, 2012 at 09:44 AM
HarveyD, study paid by someone who expects 'Field study finds soot particles absorb significantly less sunlight than predicted by models; climate models may be overestimating warming by BC'
Posted by: kelly | September 01, 2012 at 02:52 PM
These same soot particles kill up to 4.5 million people a year, according to new UN studies. That's over 10,000 people a day! I bet those folks weren't so concerned about the climate when they died!
It would be nice to see some mention and respect for those 45 million people who died from soot, during the past 10 years of "research" into climate and soot.
Posted by: Rick Crammond | September 01, 2012 at 03:19 PM
In any event, poly-aromatic hydrocarbons cause cancer so frankly, they should be removed from the energy process as much as possible.
I still feel that the burning of fuels in general is an antiquated use of them. Especially fossil fuels that are frankly too precious to be used in that way.
Is there a way to treat coal and other fossil materials to be processed efficiently in a fuel cell? Where are we on that score?
Posted by: EVryman | September 01, 2012 at 09:33 PM
Harvey: I note you never ask that question when the results are pro-warming.
Rick: you mean the study on MINERS? Hardly representative of the general population..
Here's what I see.. yet ANOTHER scientific study, published in a respected, peer-reviewed scientific journal, that shows the global warming scare mongers are full of crap.
Then a bunch of responses from the usual warmists questioning the integrity of the study's authors, throwing out strawmen, and otherwise ignoring the science and actual debate.
Business as usual in climatology.
Posted by: Aaron Turpen | September 02, 2012 at 03:07 AM
No, it's not saying that at all Aaron. It's saying that the method for calculating the absorption rate and spectrum of Black Carbon is not a simple one and further study is warranted. The fact that you can extrapolate some sort of "debunking" of man-made global warming shows that you are not really READING the article.
Go back and read it properly. It states quite clearly that BC as well as pure Co2 are significant factors in absorption of heat.
Posted by: EVryman | September 02, 2012 at 08:16 AM
Aaron, if climate models have overestimated warming by black carbon it means they have UNDERESTIMATED warming by something else and that is bad news because BCs were the low hanging fruit in the fight against Climate Change.
Unlike carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gasses, which can survive in the atmosphere for decades and centuries, black carbon has a relatively short life span of approximately one to two weeks. Black carbon is part of a group of pollution sources known as Short-Lived Climate Forcers (SLCFs), including methane gas and ozone, which are produced on earth.
But hey, at least you got the "scientific study, published in a respected, peer-reviewed scientific journal" part right.
Posted by: ai_vin | September 02, 2012 at 09:37 AM
They could gasify coal, use the synthesis gas in SOFCs with gas and steam turbines for greater efficiency, then sequester the excess carbon.
Posted by: SJC | September 02, 2012 at 04:07 PM
Warming?
Where's the warming? It does not follow that something else is now more resposnible. That would be true if warming were still proceeding at the CAGW worst estimates.
Warming in NOT occuring at the rate the CAGW Chicken Littles predicted. their estimates from the likes of non scientist Al Gore, or the polemicist quack that Dr. Hansen has become.
This study merely identifies yet another reason that Warming was, and is vastly overestimated and not happening at CAGW rates.
Posted by: D | September 02, 2012 at 05:38 PM
Long before humans existed on the face of the earth, the earth was much hotter and colder and sea levels were much lower or higher. Coal and oil deposits formed during some of those periods. The seas alone can produce sufficient isotopes for energy to last the human race the life of the earth or billions of years and there is several times that amount of energy isotopes in the continents. If all the monies spent on fusion research had been spent on fission, there might have been a way discovered to get the fission energy out of lead, but it won't be needed because enough other isotopes are available until the expanding sun melts the earth in a few billion years. Fission energy is more sustainable than solar energy for humans and costs less.
Breathing 100 percent oxygen will kill quickly, but humans have adapted to survive about 20 percent quite well. This amount kills many organisms and destroys even so parts of human cells which have to be constantly repaired. Much the same is true about nuclear radiation; the cells can repair a certain amount of damage from internal isotopes and external rays. A single fission of an isotope is very unlikely to cause any human's death because there are 4000 a second internally alone and many more cells are repaired every second for oxygen damage.
..HG..
Posted by: Henry Gibson | September 02, 2012 at 06:15 PM
D, we're had this arguement before, and you lost. This time I'll just point out that you yourself are a non-scientist so you will get as much respect from me as you're giving Gore.
OTOH Al Gore did not claim to be a scientist and never gave any estimates himself. He only reported what the actual scientists were saying. Also Hansen, you may think he's a quack but if so he's in good company;
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveys_of_scientists%27_views_on_climate_change http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_opinion_on_climate_change
"A total of 34 national science academies have made formal declarations since 2001 confirming anthropogenic global warming and urging the nations of the world to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases."
Posted by: ai_vin | September 02, 2012 at 08:05 PM
HarveyD, this study was paid for by 1) State of California CARB, 2) US NOAA, 3) US DOE, 4) US EPA, 5) US NSF 6) Canadian Fed. Government, and 7) Canadian Research Council
Posted by: WVhybrid | September 02, 2012 at 09:56 PM
The opinion of these studies by professors and scientists are directly proportional to the opinion of the administration that is in office at the time. They know where their money is coming from.
Posted by: Jimr | September 03, 2012 at 12:43 AM
Actually Jimr, the real opinion of scientists does not change with the opinion of the administration that is in office at the time. It's only the reporting and censorship of their studies that changes;
http://www.commondreams.org/headlines04/0219-02.htm
http://www.ucsusa.org/scientific_integrity/abuses_of_science/climate-change.html
http://articles.latimes.com/2009/oct/14/nation/na-epa-climate14
http://go.ucsusa.org/RSI_list/index.php [note the list on this one is 743 pages long]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming_controversy
http://www.wired.com/medtech/health/news/2004/02/62339
http://fuel-efficient-vehicles.org/energy-news/?p=697
Posted by: ai_vin | September 03, 2012 at 01:55 AM
The fascinating thing I find in those who continue to push a 'Climate change awareness' campaign, is the idea that they think that this will naturally lead to an 'emotionally healthy' change in values - witness the widespread emotional and lifelong productivity drop with this in rich countries who have needed to ration for an extended period. Further fascinating, that shaming or inducing fear will somehow make averting climate change more important than the daily dreams, goals, and values of those whose lifestyle choices include CO emitting activities. Not likely. It is as simple as weighing the balance of all the consequences of climate change against a widespread lifestyle reduction. Not going to happen, nor should it, for there is no combination of conservation, reduction, and retreat in lifestyle that will enable 7 billion people to live dignified, 1st world lower-middle class lifestyles. So, is all lost? Of course not, for consumerism, technology, and engineering are the answer as they always have been. These are the tools of improvement, advancement, and increased quality of life. Of course there is risk and uncertainty. But with these fundamental values pushed to noble ends such as in the search and development of high tech energy sources, reduced impact material extraction, and improved health and agricultural productivity with little CO emission, so can we all win. It just requires commitment and duty - and it is those things that are lacking and even being presented as contrary to sustainable and balanced-life goals. You will find that more people will contribute, and more devotedly in a healthy way, to an aspirational goal to reach than running away from a prevailing problem. That goal should be a post-scarcity society, and the result is that many of the climate change agents will be eliminated in moving toward that goal. Ask us not to consume or work less to avoid climate change but to increase in the activities we are doing to engineer an answer. Better to fail in aspiring to a world worth having than a guaranteed slow, psychologically and productivity decline and decay into a marginally lower emission but otherwise mediocre existence where no one's problems are resolved, only mitigated and offset. Climate change is a legitimate concern, but almost all of the low-hanging CO2 fruit has been picked, it is our time to push into victory not try to avoid defeat. There is no issue raised, over the timescales likely, that cannot be engineered to a solution. It is time to move us away from this begin a useless 'moral' issue that accomplishes nothing and move it to a potentially beneficial situation, as the old idiom says 'adversity is the mother of invention' even marginal and long-term uncertain adversity.
Posted by: Jer | September 03, 2012 at 06:48 AM
The "bright green" movement does not ask you to live in a cave and wear a hair shirt.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bright_green_environmentalism
Posted by: ai_vin | September 03, 2012 at 01:54 PM
http://www.cnn.com/2012/09/07/world/drought-around-world/index.html?hpt=hp_c2
Posted by: ai_vin | September 08, 2012 at 08:10 AM