Hydrogen Production
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Study Concludes That Microbial Electrolysis Cells Are a Promising Approach to Renewable and Sustainable Hydrogen Production
November 10, 2008
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| Schematics of a two-chamber (flat anode) (A) and single-chamber membraneless (brush anode) (B) MEC. Bacteria (green ovals) grow on the anode and donate electrons but can also function as the biocatalyst on the cathode (dotted green ovals). Click to enlarge. Credit: ACS |
A review of the materials, architectures, performance, and energy efficiencies of emerging microbial electrolysis cell systems (MECs) finds that MECs can efficiently convert a wide range of organic matter into hydrogen and are therefore a promising technology for renewable and sustainable hydrogen gas production from organic feedstocks.
However, the researchers conclude, there are a number of outstanding research questions that must be resolved for MECs to develop into a mature, commercial hydrogen production technology. The paper was published online 1 November in the ACS journal Environmental Science & Technology.
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Europe Launches Major Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Push with €1B JTI
October 15, 2008
Representatives of industry, the research community and the European institutions launched the €1 billion (US$1.357 billion) Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Joint Technology Initiative (JTI) (earlier post) at an event in Brussels, Belgium on 14 October.
Over the next six years, the European Commission and industry will invest almost €500 million each into the initiative, with the aim of accelerating the development of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies and bringing them to the market by 2020. The EC estimates that the JTI’s activities will reduce the time to market for these technologies by two to five years.
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New Membrane-Free Microbial Electrolysis Cell for Hydrogen Production from Biowaste
October 11, 2008
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| Schematic of a microbial electrolysis cell. Click to enlarge. Source: OSU |
Researchers at Oregon State University (OSU) have developed a new membrane-free microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) for the production of hydrogen gas from several types of biowaste—including ordinary municipal sewage. The findings are reported in the journal Water Research.
Microbial electrohydrogenesis is a similar process to water electrolysis, except that microbes at the anode decompose organic matter in CO2, electrons, and protons. A distinct advantage of the microbial system is the lower energy consumption compared to water electrolysis. Other studies have shown that as little as 0.2 V is needed to produce hydrogen in microbial electrohydrogenesis, while a theoretically minimum applied voltage of 1.23 V is required for water electrolysis.
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Acta Launches Catalyst for Ammonia Reforming
September 02, 2008
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| Acta ammonia electrolysis. Click to enlarge. |
Anglo-Italian catalyst maker Acta recently introduced a new catalyst for the decomposition of ammonia into hydrogen and nitrogen by reforming.
The HYPERMEC 10010 is a ruthenium-based catalyst which delivers ammonia conversion at 400°C. This catalyst is available in powder or pellet form. The current pre-commercial base metal catalyst HYPERMEC 10510 will offer ammonia conversion at a lower cost at slightly higher temperatures, and is expected to be available to customers by the end of 2008.
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Argonne and KPM Developing New Efficient Process for Extracting Hydrogen from Hydrogen Sulfide in Unrefined Petroleum, Including Oil Sands
August 26, 2008
Researchers at the US Department of Energy’s Argonne National Laboratory and Kingston Process Metallurgy Inc. (KPM) of Kingston, Ontario are developing a new process to extract and reuse pure hydrogen from the hydrogen sulfide that naturally contaminates unrefined oil, including oil sands. The hydrogen can then be used to upgrade and clean crude oil and petroleum products and aid in a number of refining processes.
The process uses a molten copper reactor invented by Argonne and KPM researchers. Hydrogen sulfide gas is first separated from the crude oil stock in the reactor, using technology already in place. This gas is then bubbled though molten copper, which releases pure hydrogen, which is captured. As the sulfur reacts with the copper, the copper is gradually turned into copper sulfide.
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New Low-Cost Non-noble Metal Catalyst for Hydrogen Production from Biofuels
August 20, 2008
Researchers at Ohio State University (OSU) have developed a new cobalt-based catalyst for the steam reforming of bio-derived liquids into hydrogen with 90% yield, at 350°C (660°F), and without the use of precious metals such as platinum or rhodium.
Umit Ozkan, professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering at OSU, and her colleagues presented the research today at the American Chemical Society meeting in Philadelphia. Ozkan said that their catalyst costs around $9/kg ($0.25/ounce), while rhodium costs around $9,000/ounce ($317,466/kg).
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Researchers Develop Bio-Inspired Photo-Oxidizing Catalyst for Solar Water-Splitting to Produce Hydrogen
August 17, 2008
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| A manganese-oxo complex catalyzes the electro-oxidation of water when suspended within the aqueous channels of a Nafion membrane. Click to enlarge. |
An Australian-US research team led by Monash University has developed a bio-inspired water photo-oxidizing catalyst for the splitting of water into oxygen and hydrogen using solar energy. A paper on their work is published online in the journal Angewandte Chemie International Edition.
Professor Leone Spiccia, Robin Brimblecombe and Dr Annette Koo from Monash University teamed with Dr Gerhard Swiegers at the CSIRO Division of Molecular Science, Melbourne and Professor Charles Dismukes at Princeton University to develop a system that uses an anode coated with Nafion impregnated with a manganese-oxo complex with a cubic {Mn4O4}7+ core.
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Researchers at MIT Develop New Water-Splitting Catalyst That Works Under Benign Conditions; a “Giant Leap”
July 31, 2008
Researchers at MIT—Prof. Daniel Nocera and Dr. Matthew Kanan—have developed a new water-splitting catalyst that is easily prepared from earth-abundant materials (cobalt and phosphorous) and operates in benign conditions: pH neutral water at room temperature and 1 atm pressure. A report on their discovery was published online 31 July 2008 in the journal Science.
The cobalt-phosphorous catalyst targets the generation of oxygen gas from water—the more complex of the two water-splitting half-cell reactions required (H2O/O2 and H2O/H2). Another catalyst generates the hydrogen. Although the new catalyst requires further work, it opens a very promising pathway for the development of systems that use artificial photosynthesis to store solar energy on a large scale in the form of O2 and H2 for subsequent use in a fuel cell.
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DOE Awards $1.6M for Investigation of Hydrogen Production by Thermotoga Bacteria
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| Thermotoga maritima (green/yellow rods) growing in co-culture with Methanococcus jannaschii (red spheres). T. maritima ferments sugars to hydrogen and M. jannaschii converts hydrogen to methane. |
The US Department of Energy (DOE) has awarded $1.6 million to a team led by North Carolina State University to learn more about the microbiology, genetics and genomics of thermotogales—extremophile bacteria that produce large amounts of hydrogen with unusually high efficiencies. (Earlier post.)
An earlier project funded by the DOE found that one representative of this order, Thermotoga neapolitana, consistently obtained accumulations of 25-30% hydrogen. Thermotogales are found in areas which are naturally hot—including volcanic sediments, hot springs and brines from deep oil wells.
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Scientists Determine Structure of Third Hydrogenase Enzyme; Insights Could Lead to Better Hydrogen Catalysts
July 26, 2008
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| Superimposed active-site structure of the three phylogenetically unrelated hydrogenases: [NiFe]-hydrogenase, [FeFe]-hydrogenase, and [Fe]-hydrogenase. Click to enlarge. Credit: Shima et al. (2008), Science |
Some microbes use hydrogenases (enzymes) in their energy metabolism to catalyze H2/H+ interconversion reactions (H2 ⇋ 2H+ +2e–); these hydrogenases are more efficient catalysts than platinum, which is commonly used industrially to catalyze hydrogenation. There are three known and phylogenetically unrelated types of hydrogenases: [NiFe]-hydrogenases, [FeFe]-hydrogenases, and [Fe]-hydrogenase.
The structures of the first two hydrogenases—which have a pair of metal atoms (either two iron atoms or an iron and a nickel atom) at their active sites—were known. Now, scientists in Germany have discovered the structure of the third type of hydrogenase—which has but the single iron atom at the active site—and shown that all three known hydrogenases have obvious structural similarities, including active sites that contain an iron atom linked to a CO group. Their work is reported in the 25 July issue of the journal Science.
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NRC Study: Supporting a Transition to Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles in the US Will Require About $200B Over Next 16 Years
July 17, 2008
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| Total annual expenditures for vehicles and hydrogen supply for transition to the breakeven year for the Hydrogen Success case, excluding RD&D costs. Cumulative public-private cost totals $184 billion, of which 91% is the cost of fuel cell vehicles and 9% is the cost of hydrogen supply. An additional $16 billion in RD&D costs over the period brings the overall to $200 billion. Click to enlarge. |
While hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCVs) could alleviate US dependence on oil in transportation and significantly reduce US emissions of carbon dioxide, bringing the technology from its current state to market viability will require substantial time and additional investment, according to a new study by the National Research Council.
The study estimates a total public-private investment of about $200 billion would be required from 2008 to 2023, at which point fuel cell vehicles would become competitive with gasoline-powered vehicles. The government cost to support the transition would be roughly $55 billion. This funding includes a substantial research and development program ($5 billion), support for the demonstration and deployment of the vehicles while they are more expensive than conventional vehicles ($40 billion), and support for the production of hydrogen ($10 billion).
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Researchers Extract Hydrogen for Use in Fuel Cells from Formic Acid at Room Temperature
May 07, 2008
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| A CO2-H2 power supply system as envisioned by the Leibniz team. Click to enlarge. |
Researchers at the Leibniz Institute of Catalysis in Rostock, Germany have developed a feasible process for the on-demand release of hydrogen from formic acid (HCO2H) without the need for the high-temperature reforming process usually involved in other thermochemical hydrogen generation systems.
Björn Loges, Albert Boddien, Henrik Junge, and Matthias Beller report in the journal Angewandte Chemie that this hydrogen, generated at room temperature, can be directly introduced into fuel cells.
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Researchers at Penn State Show Increased Hydrogen Yield in Membrane-less Microbial Electrolysis Cell
March 25, 2008
Researchers at Penn State have obtained hydrogen yields from a membrane-less microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) that is double the amount obtained in previous MEC studies. Prior work has assumed that a membrane is needed in an MEC to avoid hydrogen losses due to bacterial consumption of the product gas.
This new research, led by Dr. Bruce Logan, Kappe Professor of Environmental Engineering, demonstrates that high hydrogen recovery and production rates are possible in a single chamber MEC without a membrane, and suggests the potential reduction in cost of these systems, allowing for new and simpler designs.
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Researchers Move Ahead in Understanding Mechanisms of Water Oxidation Using Novel Catalyst
March 10, 2008
Scientists at the US Department of Energy’s Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) and the Institute for Molecular Science (IMS) in Japan report on their progress toward understanding the electronic and structural mechanisms of water oxidation using a novel ruthenium catalyst first developed by the IMS researchers. Their paper appears online in the 10 March 2008 edition of the journal Inorganic Chemistry.
Water oxidation is one part of the process of splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen. Water-splitting requires a large amount of energy from sunlight and metal catalysts to activate the very stable water molecules. It occurs as two separate half reactions: water oxidation produces the oxygen, along with protons and electrons; these protons and electrons are then combined to make molecular hydrogen.
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Hrein Energy Successfully Test Drives 1.2L Vehicle With Retrofitted Organic Hydride System
February 29, 2008
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| The organic hydride dehydrogenation reactor is mounted inline in the exhaust system. Click to enlarge. |
Hrein Energy, in cooperation with Futaba Industrial Co., Ltd, ITO Racing Service Co. Ltd.. and Dr. Ichikawa Masaru, a professor emeritus of Hokkaido University, has successfully test-driven a 1.2-liter Nissan March retrofitted with an on-board organic hydride system (earlier post) that delivers supplemental hydrogen to the gasoline engine.
Adding several percent of hydrogen dehydrogenated from the organic hydride to the intake air supported very lean-burn combustion. Fuel efficiency was improved by 30%; CO2 emissions were cut by 30%; and concentrations of CO and NOx were “considerably reduced”, according to the company.
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European HyWays Project Concludes that Hydrogen Use Could Reduce Total Oil Consumption by Transport Sector by 40% Between Now and 2050
February 26, 2008
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| Projected impact on NOx emissions in 10 European countries as a result of the introduction of hydrogen in road transport. Click to enlarge. |
An assessment of the potential of hydrogen energy performed by the European FP6-funded project HyWays has concluded that introducing hydrogen into the energy system would reduce the total oil consumption by the European road transport sector by 40% between now and 2050.
However, the report (European Hydrogen Energy Roadmap) notes that hydrogen adoption faces two primary barriers: cost reduction and policy support, and that actions must be taken as soon as possible. The report was published as European Ministers responsible for research reached an agreement on a €940m public/private research partnership for the development of hydrogen and fuel cells—the Joint Technological Initiative for Fuel Cell and Hydrogen technology.
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Researchers Refine Aluminum Alloy to Enable Economically Viable, Large-Scale, On-Demand Hydrogen Production
February 19, 2008
Researchers at Purdue University have further refined their aluminum-gallium alloy used in a hydrogen production process (earlier post) that they say is now economically competitive with conventional fuels for transportation and power generation.
The new alloy contains 95% aluminum and 5% of an alloy that is made of the metals gallium, indium and tin. Its predecessor in the research contained 80% aluminum and 20% gallium. Because the new alloy contains significantly less of the more expensive gallium than previous forms of the alloy, hydrogen can be produced less expensively, according to Jerry Woodall, professor of electrical and computer engineering at Purdue, who invented the process.
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Penn State Researchers Develop Proof-of-Concept Device for Direct Photolytic Production of Hydrogen
February 18, 2008
Penn State researchers have developed a proof-of-concept device for the photolytic splitting of water to produce hydrogen.
Although solar cells can now produce electricity from visible light at efficiencies of greater than 10%, solar hydrogen cells have been limited by the poor spectral response of the semiconductors used. In principle, molecular light absorbers can use more of the visible spectrum in a process that is mimetic of natural photosynthesis. Photosynthesis uses chlorophyll and other dye molecules to absorb visible light.
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Researchers Propose On-Board Fuel Processing with Carbon Capture for Zero-GHG, Hydrogen-Fueled Combustion Engine Vehicles
February 11, 2008
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| The vision of a sustainable carbon economy for transportation relies on the on-board conversion of a liquid hydrocarbon fuel with CO2 capture and recycling. Click to enlarge. |
Researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology are exploring a conceptual strategy to capture, store and eventually recycle carbon dioxide emissions from mobile and small distributed stationary sources—such as automobiles, transportation vehicles and distributed industrial power generation applications (e.g., diesel power generators). Nearly two-thirds of global carbon emissions are created by such mobile and stationary sources.
Georgia Tech’s strategy involves using an on-board fuel processor to reform a liquid hydrocarbon fuel (fossil or synthetic) to produce hydrogen to power the vehicle or stationary source. The carbon in the original fuel is captured and stored on board in a liquid form, until it is disposed of at a refueling station.
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DOE Restructures Its Approach to FutureGen
January 30, 2008
The US Department of Energy (DOE) is restructuring its commitment and approach to the planned $1.5-billion FutureGen project, which would have resulted in the construction and operation of a prototype 275 MW plant that would co-produce electricity and hydrogen from coal with essentially zero emissions, including carbon dioxide emissions, which would be captured and sequestered. (Earlier post.)
The restructured approach will focus on separating carbon dioxide for CCS in multiple future IGCC plants. DOE will support industry in building IGCC (Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle) plants by providing funding for the addition of CCS technology to multiple plants. The new approach does not include support for hydrogen production.
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Researchers Develop System for Photocatalytic Production of Hydrogen Without Noble Metal Catalyst
January 26, 2008
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| The supramolecular system for photocatalytic H2 production uses Ruthenium (left) as the photosensistizer and cobaloxime catalytic centers (right). Click to enlarge. |
Researchers at the joint Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux (LCBM), CEA-CNRS-Université Joseph Fourier, have developed a new supramolecular system for the photocatalytic production of hydrogen that uses a cobalt-based catalyst rather than a noble metal catalyst. They reported on their work in the 4 January issue of the journal Angewandte Chemie International Edition.
In researching the redirection of photosynthesis for hydrogen production, scientists have developed molecular systems capable of both photosensitization, which captures light energy, and catalysis, which uses the energy collected to liberate hydrogen from water. To date, according to the LCBM team, all such systems developed to produce or use hydrogen rely on noble metals such as platinum for catalysts.
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Indian Oil Company Selects Hythane Company to Build First Public Hydrogen Station in India
January 25, 2008
Indian Oil Corporation (IOC), one of India’s largest petroleum marketing groups, has selected Hythane Company LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Australia-based Eden Energy Limited, to supply and install the first public hydrogen dispensing station in India to supply fuel to motor vehicles running on either hydrogen or Hythane (a mixture of hydrogen and natural gas; between 5-7% hydrogen by energy).
The US$1.0 million hydrogen/Hythane retail fuel outlet will be built in the capital, Delhi, at an existing gasoline/natural gas refueling station.
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Solar Hydrogen Company Secures $4.7M in Series A Round
January 16, 2008
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| Second-generation prototype Solar Hydrogen Generator with solar concentrator. |
Nanoptek Corporation, a renewable energy company that produces hydrogen directly from water using sunlight and its proprietary photocatalyst, has closed a $4.7 million Series A equity financing round led by The Quercus Trust, a California fund with multiple investments in clean technology and renewable energy.
Ardour Capital Investments, LLC served as financial advisor in the transaction. Series A investors also included the Massachusetts Technology Collaborative (MTC) and private investors. With this investment, Nanoptek expects to complete the development of its field-deployable Solar Hydrogen Generator, develop pilot manufacturing capability, and install its first pilot plant for producing carbon-free hydrogen.
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New Nanostructured Thin Film Shows Promise for Efficient Solar Energy Conversion; Potential Application in Hydrogen Production and CO2 Conversion to Hydrocarbon Fuels
January 09, 2008
A team of researchers from California, Mexico and China have combined two nanotech methods for engineering solar cell materials to create a material that performs better than expected.
Two methods for engineering solar cell materials that have shown particular promise are the use of thin films of metal oxide nanoparticles, such as titanium dioxide (TiO2), doped with other elements, such as nitrogen; and the use of quantum dots that strongly absorb visible light. These tiny semiconductors inject electrons into a metal oxide film, or sensitize it, to increase solar energy conversion. Both doping and quantum dot sensitization extend the visible light absorption of the metal oxide materials.
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Researcher Exploring Microbial Conversion of Rotten Peaches to Hydrogen
December 27, 2007
A biosystems engineer at Clemson University (South Carolina) is investigating the use of Thermotoga neapolitana—an extremophile bacterium that can produce hydrogen by fermentation—to produce hydrogen from rotten peaches.
The South Carolina Peach Council is funding research by Caye Drapcho and graduate assistant Abhiney Jain. There are more than 200 million pounds of peaches harvested annually in South Carolina—the nation’s second largest peach producer behind California—and approximately 20 million pounds of peaches are discarded yearly, according to the Peach Council. Peach waste has substantial organic value with a high percentage of sugars that can be converted to hydrogen gas by bacteria.
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Oxford Catalysts Purchases Microreactors to Hasten Commercialization of HDS and FT Catalysts
December 21, 2007
As part of a planned expansion of its development facilities, Oxford Catalysts has placed an order worth approximately €700,000 (US$1 million) with the German company Amtec for the purchase of two Spider16 high-throughput screening microreactors. The first, due to be delivered at the end of February 2008, will be used to speed up the commercialization of Oxford Catalysts’ hydro-desulfurization (HDS) catalysts. The second, due to be delivered at the end of March 2008, will be used to further the development of catalysts for use in gas to liquids (GTL) and other Fischer-Tropsch (FT) processes.
HDS encompasses a range of catalyst-driven processes used to produce cleaner fuels—including gasoline, ultra low sulfur diesel, jet fuel and bunker fuel—from sulfur-containing feedstocks. Oxford Catalysts is working to develop a range of HDS catalysts that will allow refiners to use higher sulfur-containing, lower-priced sour crudes yet still maintain the quality of its products. It is also working to develop HDS catalysts that offer competitive performance or catalyst activity while containing significantly lower amounts of expensive metals such as molybdenum.
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Sandia Applying Solar Thermochemical Hydrogen Technology to Recycling CO2 to Liquid Fuels
December 09, 2007
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| The CR5 thermochemical engine is the basis of the Sunshine to Petrol project. Click to enlarge. |
Researchers at Sandia National Laboratories are extending work on the development of a device for the solar thermochemical production of hydrogen from the splitting of water to recycling CO2 into liquid hydrocarbon fuels.
The prototype device—the Counter Rotating Ring Receiver Reactor Recuperator (CR5)—will be applied to breaking the carbon-oxygen bond in carbon dioxide to produce carbon monoxide and oxygen. Combining the CO stream with the hydrogen resulting from the splitting of water by a CR5 device, an integrated “Sunshine to Petrol” (S2P) system could then synthesize a liquid combustible hydrocarbon fuel.
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European Commission Proposes Strategic Plan to Accelerate Low-Carbon Energy Technologies; Transport Sector Focus on Biofuels and Hydrogen
November 24, 2007
The European Commission has proposed its Strategic Energy Technology Plan (SET-Plan), a comprehensive plan to establish a new energy research agenda for Europe. The Commission believes that Europe should lower the costs of clean energy and put EU industry at the forefront of the rapidly growing low carbon-technology sector.
This Plan is to be accompanied by better use of and increases in resources, both financial and human, to accelerate the development and deployment of low-carbon technologies of the future, according to the EC.
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Penn State Leading DOE Consortium Focused on Nuclear Thermochemical Production of Hydrogen
November 22, 2007
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| The consortium research will develop technologies to improve the performance of a number of alternative cycles for the thermochemical production of hydrogen. Click to enlarge. Source: NREL |
Under a $2.4 million research grant designated from the US Department of Energy’s (DOE) Nuclear Energy Research Initiative (NERI), Penn State is leading a consortium in a three-year project to establish the most efficient technologies for hydrogen production that are compatible with nuclear-generated heat sources.
One of the scopes of NERI is to develop a number of thermochemical cycles for producing hydrogen on a commercial scale through advanced nuclear energy systems. In a thermochemical cycle water and heat are the input, hydrogen and oxygen are the only products, and all other chemicals are recycled.
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Researchers Establish First Electrical Connection Between Hydrogenase Enzymes and Nanotubes; Potential Biohybrid Catalyst for Hydrogen Production and Use
November 19, 2007
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| Molecular model of CaHydI hydrogenase enzyme bound to a SWNT, one of several plausible arrangements. The yellow and green units show the FeS clusters. There are many possible geometries, but the existence of a strong electronic interaction demonstrates that at least one of the FeS clusters must be proximal to the tubes. Click to enlarge. Courtesy of Michael J. Heben, NREL |
Researchers at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in Colorado are reporting the first successful electrical connection between hydrogenase enzymes and carbon nanotubes.
Their work, which shows that surfactant-suspended carbon single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) spontaneously self-assemble with [FeFe] hydrogenases in solution to form catalytically active biohybrids, is scheduled for publication in the November issue of the ACS journal Nano Letters.
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ExxonMobil and Partners to Commercialize On-Vehicle Hydrogen Fuel System for Lift Truck Application
November 16, 2007
Exxon Mobil Corporation is partnering with QuestAir Technologies, Plug Power Inc. and Ben Gurion University on plans to commercialize an on-vehicle hydrogen production system for use in a fuel cell-powered lift truck application.
Under the arrangements, Plug Power will seek to commercialize technologies developed by ExxonMobil, QuestAir Technologies and Ben Gurion University that take liquid fuels—gasoline, diesel, ethanol or biodiesel—and convert them into hydrogen onboard the vehicle where it will be used in a fuel cell power train.
