The EIA attributes the increase in gasoline cost to the following factors:

• The high price of crude.

• Ongoing growth in gasoline consumption. After showing almost no growth in 2005, gasoline consumption is projected to grow 1.4% in 2006 and 1.7% in 2007.

• Tier 2 gasoline requirements mandate further reduction in sulfur content this year. The Tier 2 Vehicle and Gasoline Sulfur Program, begun in January 2004, implements a phased-in reduction of sulfur levels, calculated by a cap and an average across all fuels. In 2006, refiners are now required to meet a 30-ppm average sulfur level with a maximum cap of 80 ppm. Gasoline produced for sale in parts of the Western United States will be allowed to meet a 150-ppm refinery average and a 300-ppm cap through 2006 but will have to meet the 30 ppm average and 80 ppm cap by 2007.

  EPA estimates that the Tier 2 gasoline sulfur program will cost less than 2 cents per gallon for the refining industry to produce low-sulfur gasoline when the program is fully phased in.

• Phase-out of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) from the gasoline pool. In 2005, a number of petroleum companies announced their intent to remove methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) from their gasoline in 2006.

  The decision to eliminate MTBE was driven by State bans due to water contamination concerns, continuing liability exposure from adding MTBE to gasoline, and perceived potential for increased liability exposure due to the elimination of the oxygen content requirement for reformulated gasoline (RFG) included in the Energy Policy Act of 2005.

  Planning for new ethanol capacity that will be needed to provide ethanol to make RFG when MTBE is eliminated did not anticipate such a rapid exodus from MTBE blending.

  The phase-out of MTBE is projected to increase slightly the average price of all gasoline. The price impact should be higher during the summer than winter because of the required reduction in gasoline vapor pressure during the summer months. Of greater concern with the MTBE phase-out is the increased potential for localized price spikes arising from unexpected supply disruptions.

Higher diesel fuel prices are expected because of the additional cost of producing ultra-low-sulfur diesel fuel later this year.

The EIA expects that by September 2006, fuel prices will drop below last year’s prices resulting from the crude oil and natural gas production and refinery outages caused by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita in 2005.

The EIA is careful to note that its projections do not factor in hurricanes and tropical storms with a potential to cause significant new outages.

As to the world supply of crude oil:

But, in some ways 2006 is likely to bring an even tighter global petroleum market than 2005, if one sets aside the effects of the two hurricanes on US production last year.

Consumption growth outpaces production growth in 2006 by 0.4 million barrels per day (bbl/d), compared to 0.1 million bbl/d greater consumption growth than production growth in 2005. Also, while the world experienced a global stock build in 2005 of 0.5 million bbl/d, a stock build of just 0.1 million bbl/d is expected in 2006.

...Nevertheless, in 2006 annual world consumption growth is forecast at 1.6 million bbl/d, compared with 1.1 million bbl/d in 2005. This will leave average total world consumption in 2006 (85.2 million barrels per day) about 100,000 bbl/d less than average world production.

A buffer of 100,000 barrels per day in a 85.2-million bbl/d market is practically no buffer at all. Even that thin margin disappears in 2007, according to the EIA.

World consumption growth is projected to increase further to 1.7 million bbl/d in 2007 because of economic growth in developing Asian countries. Chinese consumption growth is projected at about 0.5 million bbl/d per year. Overall, world petroleum demand is forecast to increase by 2.0 percent in 2007, compared to 1.8 percent in 2006. However, greater forecast non-OPEC production growth in 2007 will mean that average total world oil supply will equal average total world oil demand for 2007.

Resources:

• Short-Term Energy Outlook

• Eliminating MTBE in Gasoline in 2006