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Report: EU Must Take Immediate Action on Kyoto Targets; Transport Emissions Represent Largest Increase

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EU-15 greenhouse gas emissions from transport compared with transport volumes, compared to 1990 levels (Index: 1990 emissions=100) Click to enlarge.

All Member States must seriously tackle greenhouse gas emissions immediately, if the EU-15 is to meet its collective Kyoto target, according to a new report from the European Environment Agency (EEA).

The report, Greenhouse gas emission trends and projections in Europe 2006, presents an evaluation of historic data between 1990 and 2004. It also evaluates projections of European countries’ progress towards their 2010 greenhouse gas emissions targets.

Between 1990 and 2004, EU-15 greenhouse gas emissions decreased from most sectors, the report says. However, emissions from the transport sector increased by nearly 26%—the largest increase in greenhouse gas emissions—and are projected to increase to 35% above 1990 levels by 2010, if countries use only existing policies. If additional policies are implemented, Member States project that transport emissions will, at best, stabilize at 2004 levels.

Transport emissions in the EU-15 increased by 2% between 2003 and 2004 alone. Road transport was by far the biggest transport emission source (93% share). Emissions increased continuously due to high growth in both passenger transport (increase of 27% between 1990 and 2004) and freight transport by road (increase of 51% between 1990 and 2003).

The average carbon dioxide emissions of new passenger cars has decreased by about 12% from 1995 to 2004. However, 21% more cars were sold in the same period. As a result, this increase more than offset the emission reductions from new cars.

EU carbon dioxide emissions from international aviation and navigation (which are not addressed under the Kyoto Protocol) increased by 59% between 1990 and 2004.

In spite of more fuel efficient vehicles, the emissions from transport by road are likely to further increase due to the rise in traffic volumes. The European Commission recently stressed that the concerted efforts by automobile manufacturers were insufficient to reach the goals set for new passenger cars for 2008–2009. Moreover, it added that additional efforts were absolutely essential in order to meet the final target of 140 g CO2/km.

In addition to efficiency improvements, efforts to limit the increase in traffic volumes as well as a shift to less CO2 emitting transport modes are also required.

The EU-15 has a Kyoto target to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 8% on 1990 levels by 2012. Within this overall target, each EU-15 member state has a differentiated emissions target, which can be achieved by a variety of means.

Only by implementing all existing and planned domestic policy measures and using Kyoto mechanisms and carbon sinks, can emissions be brought down to 8.0 %, the EU-15 target, according to the report. However, this projection relies on figures from several Member States suggesting they will cut emissions by more than is required to meet their national targets and this cannot be assured, the report stresses.

Looking ahead to 2010, the report says that existing domestic policies and measures will reduce EU-15 greenhouse gas emissions by a net effect of 0.6 % from 1990 levels. When additional domestic policies and measures (i.e. those planned but not yet implemented) are taken into account, the EU-15 could reduce emissions by an additional 4.0%.

The projected use of Kyoto mechanisms by ten of the EU-15 will reduce emissions by a further 2.6% at a cost of €2,830 million. The use of carbon sinks, such as planting forests to remove CO2, would reduce emissions by an additional 0.8%.

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Without existing policies and measures, total EU-15 greenhouse gas emissions would have been higher than the base-year level. The total effect of the existing policies and measures compared to a theoretical reference scenario without any measures since 1990 would be greater than the 0.6 % reduction referred to here. Click to enlarge.

The ten new EU Member States are not part of the joint EU-15 target and all, except Cyprus and Malta, have individual targets under the Kyoto Protocol. They are all on track to meet their targets, but this is largely due to the collapse of economies in the 1990s and emissions are now rising again in these countries, the report says.

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Comments

Mark A

How much of this could be attributed to the increased proliferation of diesel, in the EU?? How did the US do, in the same time frame? Maybe the US was smart in not adopting the Kyoto standards, knowing they were unreachable?
Everyone likes to knock the US for having too strict emmission controls, which limit the availability of some European models, namely diesel models. But maybe we are on the right track afterall!!!

Ruaraidh

If you read: the average car has DROPPED by 12% so it's not the cars, it's the fact that more of them are sold and in use.

What, so your suggestion is because something's hard to achieve best to not bother at all?

Diesels create less CO2 (better fuel econ despite more C in the fuel) than petrol engined cars so I don't see you argument.

It's hard so let's not bother? Well that attitude sure didn't get you to the Moon now did it?

t

Mark A. Please elaborate on your thesis about diesel. As the article says, the average emission levels have decreased significantly per car. The problem is not so much the individual car but the large increase in traffic volumes. Perhaps there is sort of a Jevonian paradox operating here.

Also, perhaps the results here illustrate the futility of simply increasing the efficiency of new vehicles. If the volumes are increasing like they are, they will obviously swamp the ability of technology and car choices to make a difference.

I think the bottom line here is that the only real hope for making a difference is for people to get out of their car and for Europe to rapidly transition from a truck based goods delivery system to a rail based system.

It doesn't do much good if large number of us are driving cars like the Prius if we continue to live 60 miles and more from work.

As far as the U.S., not even trying to reach Kyoto goals or any other goals is hardly smart in the face of global warming. Goals are imperative and mandated strategies for reaching those goals are imperative.

Further, here are some facts about the U.S.

WASHINGTON, DC, April 18, 2006 (ENS) - U.S. greenhouse gas emissions during 2004 increased by 1.7 percent from the previous year, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which released the figures Monday. This was the largest annual amount ever produced by any country on record, said The Royal Society, the UK national academy of science, warning that urgent action is needed to curb emissions.

In addition, from the same report http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/UniqueKeyLookup/RAMR6P5M5M/$File/06FastFacts.pdf,
CO2 emissions have incresed by 19.6% from 1990 to 2004. There is also nothing to suggest that, based on current trends, we will come even close to what europe is doing on an absolute or percentage basis.

There is nothing in U.S. policy or trends that would indicate we will reduce emissions at all much less to a level that is lower than 1990.

And despite the Europeans' possible failure to meet Kyoto, this article states that they will still be able have emissions below 1990 levels by 2010.


Rafael Seidl

Incent farmers to switch to biofuel feedstocks as long as there is excess food production. On hillside properties, pay them to grow trees, reducing flood risks.

Eliminate export subsidies for all intra-EU freight. We still have way too much livestock, dairy products etc. being shuttled back and forth (e.g. across the Alps) just to collect these.

Sharply reduce wait states in rail freight without jeopardising safety by introducing redundant satellite navigation, robust communications networks and adaptive traffic control on key routes. Break national monopolies on the ownership and operation of locomotives and self-propelled rolling stock.

Insist that airlines quote only total ticket prices incl. all taxes, fuel surcharges etc. Incent airlines to partner with ground transportation providers on routes shorter than ~250km/150mi. This includes integrated baggage handling, perhaps also door-to-door service.

Consider setting a per-vehicle cap on CO2 emissions (e.g. 210 g CO2/km by MY 2012) so carmakers have to redefine their concept of a luxury vehicle for the European market. Top-of-the-line models tend to define brand identity and influence consumer aspirations.

Scott58

The EU bit off more then they could chew since the beginning and they knew it. This article isn't surprising.

Neil

At least they're chewing, which is more than I can say for our pathetic Canadian Government.

Brad

ya, our canadian governments environmental plan consists of "trying to catch up with the american's". not really setting the bar too high on that one.

John

OK, Europe, you went for Diesel fuels in a big way. Knowledgeable people are aware that the well-to-wheel efficiency of Diesel is higher than that of gasoline, and the CO2 emissions are lower.

Over here in the United States, people don't care as much about CO2 emissions as the Europeans do -- or any kind of pollution, for that matter. But hybrid gasoline-electric vehicles are selling well in America, to those who do care. HEV's, like Diesels, increase the well-to-wheel efficiency.

Is it finally time for the hybrid Diesel car?

With at least 10 kilometers of PHEV capability, pretty please?

Rafael Seidl

John -

a passenger car diesel PHEV would weigh about 1000lbs more than a gasoline car with similar performance. It would also be exorbitantly expensive.

Diesel will become popular for SUVs and pick-up trucks starting in 2008, with the arrival of T2B5 designs on the coat-tails of ULSD. Once US filling stations clean up the area around their gasoil dispensers, demand for diesel-powered sedans and minivans may pick up as well. Ergo, European-inspired straight diesels will probably co-exist with Japanese-inspired gasoline HEVs in the market for some time.

Citroen PSA has added microhybrid functionality to a few diesel models. Eliminating idling reduces emissions in stop-and-go traffic and improves fuel economy by ~5%.

fyi CO2

I'm with Raf, set a per-vehicle cap on CO2 emissions (e.g. 200g CO2/km by MY 2010) - there is NO luxury in 2050 if we can't control the pace of CO2 emissions.

paul

Diesels have very good fuel consumption under part throttle and idle conditions so the benefit of elininating idling isn't as much as for gas powered cars.

Andrey

How constant stop/restart of diesel hybrid affects it PM emission? Anybody?

mahonj

For a diesel PHEV hybrid, you would want a "one start" mode where the system has a GPS receiver and monitors your journey. If it recognizes a standard journey ( like a run to work at 8am), it can decide when to run the diesel engine so as to charge the battery, or at least stop running it down. Thus, for most journeys, you use the ICE only once, but get considerable range, even with a small battery or a battery with a shallow discharge cycle.
That is how I would propose a diesel PHEV.

Neil

Raphael:

"a passenger car diesel PHEV would weigh about 1000lbs more than a gasoline car with similar performance. It would also be exorbitantly expensive."

Does that 1000lbs include the reduced size of the diesel engine? Is that a full or mild hybrid? What kind/size of battery are we talking about here? What is your definition of exorbitant? Most full hybrids are only a few K more than a regular ICE car.

Rafael Seidl

Fyi CO2 -

your timeline may be a little too aggressive. Pols also have to make sure carmakers don't go under because of over-stringent regulations. The high end is where carmakers achieve what meagre profits are available. Redefining a brand's concept of high-end may not be feasible in a single model generation. Unless, of course, you somehow give carmakers credits for certifying biofuel compatibility *and* require refineries to increase blend fractions on a predictable schedule (i.e. phase out zero/low blends).

Andrey -

microhybrids will start the ICE if the temperature-sensitive aftertreatment devices (oxycat, NOx store) would otherwise cool down too much. If a DPF is present, it will trap ~98% of the PM emitted even by a cold engine or one that is subjected to a large load step.

Matt

I think EU will be the first to switch to electric cars.

It just makes sense:

* gas costs 5 or 6 bucks a gallon ( 2 times what it costs in the US)

* Most people don't need to drive long distances all that often.

* By my calculation, owning a pure EV could save 10,000 or more over the lifetime of the vehicle.

* With V2G technology, Europe could deploy more wind, solar, & wave without effecting their grid.

Matt

Dezakin

This is just silly. If Europeans really wanted to reduce emissions they would replace all of their coal plants with nukes, and would achieve nearly 50% reduction in emissions by just doing that.

Except France because they're nearly there allready.

mark

If the goal really is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions particularly CO2, the only strategy is to apply a cap with emissions trading to all sectors not just large emitters.
What would this look like? Companies that sell fossil fuels to consumers and small businesses would be issued GHG credits for their customer's emissions. The total amount of credits available will diminish in future years to reach GHG emissions targets. Energy retailers would need sufficient credits to cover their fuel sales through a combination of emissions trading, and conservation efforts. These costs would be passed on to their customers.

wintermane

The fact is america and more directly rebulblicans rightly decided it was better to target the fuel then the car. This is mainly because we dont dictate what cars people drive but we do dictate what kind of fuels they use. going the car route would simply have faced far too much backlash and problems.

Lucky for us the us had enough money and might to speed up both h2 and advanced biofuels work quite a bit. Id esimate h2 has been sped up by about 70 years. Biofeuls by about 20.

Andrey

Thanks, Rafael. By the way, your 1000 lb estimation is way too big. Difference between gasoline and diesel engine is close to 100lb, and in case with modern aluminum alloy engine block even less.

Speaking from the point of view of Global Warming. Increase in number of vehicles actually operating in Europ will level-off pretty soon. It is happening in US, where virtually all people who want to drive a car can afford it. Population of European countries does not increase somehow appreciable, and in many countries it is just shrinking. Longer driving distances seen in US year after year is not a big issue in Europe, because of much less expansion of suburban sprawl. Correct me if I am wrong.

Now diesel cars. Emission of CO2 from transportation is about of 20% of all anthropogenic fossil-fuel derived combustion. Cars represent most of the consumption, probably around 60%. Diesel car emits about 10-15% less CO2 then gasoline one, and currently diesel cars represent about 50% of new purchases in Europe. Multiplying the numbers, we get that “diesel proliferation” yields very small dent in reduction of CO2 emissions. Yet it is way more polluting whatever concerns to smog-forming NOx and extremely harmful PM. Yes, I know, modern diesel is way less polluting that old one. But the picture will change dramatically when these engines will age and their emission control will deteriorate – without visible effect on power output and driveability.

Diesel engines are already marvelously efficient, and there is no hope that their efficiency will improve somehow dramatically. All in all, promoting diesel cars as “GHG solution” or even "step in right direction" is delusional at best.

Meanwhile, gasoline hybrids – just first generation of this new technology, already achieving less CO2 emissions then diesels, and are “super ultra low emission” vehicles. Progress in hybrids is just started, and adoption of lean GDI NOx adsorber-equipped hybrids could yield no less then 20% reduction of CO2 emissions further. Plus increased reliance on electric-only mode, and ultimately PHEV vehicles, promising just decimate their fuel consumption. Clearly the winning technology, if you ask my opinion.

BTW, just today premier of BC, Canada (about 5 million people province) announced that in near future all vehicles purchased for government fleet should be hybrids.

Rafael Seidl

Neil, Andrey -

the 1000lb weight penalty referred to the combination of a moderate-displacement diesel engine plus PHEV system compared to a gasoline ICE-only solution. Sorry if that wasn't clear. A diesel engine with aftertreatment will add $2000-$3000 to the purchase price. A PHEV system will add perhaps another $8000-$15000 (this is end-user price, not OEM cost). The economics of a diesle PHEV combo do not make sense because total fuel savings are less the the sum of the individual contributions. Each concept is worth considering in isolation, though.

Btw, there's recently been a marked increase in "extreme" commuting, i.e. daily distances >30 miles each way, in Europe as well. People here want to own McMansions just as much as their American counterparts do, and they tend to get built out in the boonies.

wintermane

The reason for extreme commuting is some idiots have for a long time messed with the building of new homes and as a result homes have gotten far far too expensive and in many places too rare. Thus people have to stay put and commute to whereever thier new jobs are within a wider and wider range.

Also because local asshats have loaded in massive fee hikes moving incures a massive hit on people. Where we used to live every new home gets hit with a 75000 fee.. but every resell of a house also gets a massive fee as well. Add to this that people change jobs more often then 30 years ago and what do you bloody well expect to happen? Poeple find a home they can afford and then they commute as far as needed to reach work.

Bloody idjits in gov need to be shot!

allen_Z

Chill wintermane. Good points, though we have a way of overthrowing those we find unsuitable to govern any longer, that does not involve commiting a felony. It is called Election Day and the internet.

wintermane

The mainnails in the corrif of kyoto and the world envitonmental calm are..


1 Most of the politicos national state and local all over the world are liars. Cooking the books shuffling the numbers and wasting money left right and everywhere else.

2 To many places industrializing woith far far too many people involved in it. To be blunt no matter what europe and maerica do india alone is 200x as important. One small nation industrializing now is worth more to the future then the entire east coast of america. And a ton of countries are doing just that.

3 world war 3. With the way things are going ww3 is garanteed now. Amd when it happens does anyone expect environmental care? And even if somehow there is no world war the world will be at war anyway. And I dont know if you have noticed but our toys are alot better at destroying the environment then they were 60 years ago.

S.K. Taneja

Even if someone can help reduce pollution levels to a
great extent, who can take the project forward to help
make this world a better place to live.

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