New Alloys Can Save Energy and Reduce Costs for Reforming and Other Petrochemical and Chemical Processes
06 November 2006
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| This macrophotograph compares commercial nickel-based Alloy 600 (left) and Argonne’s new alloy after 5,700 hours of exposure to the same metal-dusting environment at 593°C. Click to enlarge. |
New alloy materials developed by scientists at the US Department of Energy’s Argonne National Laboratory could enable a complete redesign of reforming systems with improved efficiency.
Using these materials to build such industrial equipment could save 500 trillion Joules of energy each day, which is equivalent to 13 million standard cubic meters of natural gas each day. Financially, this innovation could save $500 million to $1.3 billion per year in the hydrogen industry alone and could increase industrial productivity by enabling machinery to function with fewer maintenance shutdowns.
The new alloy materials—which won an R&D 100 award from R&D magazine as one of the top 100 scientific and technological innovations in the world during 2005—are resistant to metal dusting, a type of degradation that occurs at elevated temperatures in hydrocarbon-containing atmospheres in which carbon activity is high.
Such environments are prevalent in chemical and petrochemical industries such as hydrogen-, methanol- and ammonia-reformers and in synthesis gas production plants. The degradation of metallic component materials into powder and the resulting damage make it difficult to maintain equipment used in these industries. Currently, almost all commercial alloys degrade by metal dusting corrosion.
While the initial application of the Argonne-developed alloys is in hydrogen and synthesis gas production plants, they can also be used for components such as waste heat boilers and gas bypass lines exposed to metal dusting environments in methanol and ammonia reformer plants. They can also be effective in gas-to-liquid plants in which natural gas is converted into liquid fuels.
Historically, the hot gases in the process systems have to be quenched from 800° to 400°C to circumvent the metal dusting attack.
More than 50 years of previous research could not solve this problem. The only available solution was to quench the high-temperature gases by lowering the working temperature, which results in energy loss and decreased product yield.
—Ken Natesan, Argonne
In a study lasting several years, Natesan and Argonne researcher Zuotao Zeng established the role of carbon deposition in the mechanism leading to initiation and propagation of metal dusting. The work was conducted at both atmospheric and high pressures and simulated the gas chemistry—including the high steam content—prevalent in reformer environments.
This led to the development of alloys that resist this type of degradation and can be used to build equipment for the chemical and petrochemical industries. The Argonne-developed alloys performed significantly better than the currently available commercial alloys when tested in the metal dusting environment because they develop oxide scales that resist carbon attack.
An Argonne-developed alloy was still smooth and without pits after exposure to the same metal dusting environment for 5,700 hours at 593° C. Commercial alloys tested under the same conditions developed large pits.
The research was funded by the Industrial Technologies Program of the Department of Energy’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.
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Cool, I wonder if this alloy would be usefull for fussion reactor parts.
Posted by: Neil | 06 November 2006 at 08:01 PM
This is a significant contribution to the need for these metal alloys in reforming, gasification and synthesis. This could lead to more efficient and cost effective plants and equipment in areas that will be needed even more in the future.
Posted by: SJC | 06 November 2006 at 09:13 PM
For reference: 13 million standard cubic meters a day translates to 0.75% of total US natural gas usage of 645 billion SCM per year. That's quite a substantial amount.
Posted by: Rafael Seidl | 07 November 2006 at 03:50 AM
Neil,
Not likely, but the alloy research may work itself into Nuke powered high temp H2 production, someday, in some form.
_On a side note, nanotech catalysts may look nice on paper and in labs. However, they may be short lived in real world applications. Large surface areas lend themselves to chemical attack, and unless there is some way to mitigate/recover the lost material, they might not be better vs existing equipment. This alloy is just the type to mitigate corrosion loss in certain applications.
Posted by: allen_Z | 07 November 2006 at 07:09 AM