J. Craig Venter Institute Researchers Publish Significant Advance in Genome Assembly Technology; Yeast as a Genetic Factory
05 December 2008
Researchers at the J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI) have published a paper describing a significant advance in genome assembly in which the team can now assemble the whole bacterial genome, Mycoplasma genitalium, in one step from 25 fragments of DNA. Lead author Dr. Daniel G. Gibson and his team published their results in the online early edition of the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). The work was funded by the company Synthetic Genomics Inc. (SGI).
The new paper represents major improvements in the methods that the team developed and described in their January 2008 publication of the first synthesis of a bacterial genome, M. genitalium. (Earlier post.) That publication outlined how the team synthesized in the laboratory the 582,970 base pair M. genitalium genome using the chemical building blocks of DNA: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) and thymine (T).
While this was a big advance, it took several years to come to fruition and in the end was a tedious, multi-stage process in which the team had to build the genome a quarter at a time using the bacterium Escherichia coli to clone and produce the DNA segments. During this building process the team found that E. coli had difficulty reproducing the large DNA segments, so they turned to the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. They were then able to finish creating the synthetic bacterial genome using a method called homologous recombination (a process that cells naturally use to repair chromosome damage).
| “We continue to be amazed by the capacity of yeast to simultaneously take up so many DNA pieces and assemble them into genome-size molecules. This capacity begs to be further explored and extended and will help accelerate progress in applications of synthetic genomics.” —Daniel Gibson |
Realizing how robustly yeast performed, the team wondered if it could be used to build the entire M. genitalium genome from multiple, smaller, overlapping segments of DNA. For this study the team used DNA fragments that ranged in size from about 17,000 base pairs to 35,000 base pairs. These relatively short segments were inserted into yeast cells in one step and through the mechanism of homologous recombination were assembled into the synthetic M. genitalium genome. Several experiments were then done to confirm that all 25 pieces of the synthetic DNA had been correctly assembled in the yeast cells, and to show that the experiment could be successfully reproduced.
The JCVI team continues to explore the capacity for DNA assembly in yeast, and the various applications of this particular method. They conjecture that a variety of combinations of DNA molecules and genetic pathways could be manufactured in yeast, in essence turning yeast into a genetic factory for specifically designed and optimized processes. This advance is being used by scientists at the company SGI in making next generation biofuels and biochemicals more efficiently.
I am astounded by our team’s progress in assembling large DNA molecules. It remains to be seen how far we can push this yeast assembly platform but the team is hard at work exploring these methods as we work to boot up the synthetic chromosome.
—Senior author Dr. Clyde Hutchison
Following the development of the synthetic M. genitalium genome reported in Science, the JCVI team is still working on experiments to install a fully synthetic bacterial chromosome into a recipient cell and thus “boot up” a synthetic chromosome.
Scientists are slowly but surely creeping up on the complexity of integrated genomics. Single gene substitutions will not usually achieve the goal. Multiple symbiotic gene insertion is necessare. More genetics scientists are developing "artificial chromosomes", gene ensembles that work together, for insertion into plants, microbes, and animals.
Posted by: Alyssa Fintergraad | 05 December 2008 at 09:36 AM
It's is good to see the work on bacterial genomes proceding apace. It will be interesting to see if after the assemblage of the m.genitalium in a single step, the same can be done with mislintha scrotumnecron bacteria. Both are similar and survive in similar biospheres - except the mislintha needs no oxidation source and can survive in a virtual vacuum.
Posted by: dr spock | 05 December 2008 at 12:25 PM