EEA report suggests road charges for heavy-duty goods vehicles should reflect varied health effects of pollution in different countries
04 March 2013
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| Air pollution externalities of 12–14 ton HGV on highway (Euronorm III) in euro cents. Source: EEA. Click to enlarge. |
A new report from the European Environment Agency (EEA) suggests that new road charges for heavy goods vehicles (HGVs or lorries) should reflect the varied health effects of traffic pollution in different European countries. This means charges should be much higher in some countries compared to others, according to the (EEA).
The amended Eurovignette Directive (2011/76/EU) relating to the charging of HGVs for use of major European motorways prescribes that from 2013, Member States may include air pollution costs in any charging structure for roads under the Trans‐European Network (TEN-T) and for comparable domestic motorways. The revenue from such schemes should be invested in sustainable transport, the Directive states. However, adoption of road user charges depends on a decision by individual countries.
With the use of advanced electronic systems, traffic can flow while being subject to road user charges that—in addition to the infrastructure costs—levy for the external costs of air pollution, the EEA points out.
Overall, air pollution is estimated to cause 3 million sick days and 350,000 premature deaths in Europe. Such health effects also have a heavy economic cost—the report’s authors estimate that the air pollution from HGVs alone costs EEA member countries €43-46 billion (US$56-60 billion) per year, making up almost half of the approximately €100 billion (US$130 billion) cost of air pollution from road transport.
European economies rely on transporting goods long distances. But there is also a hidden cost, paid in years of reduced health and lost life. This cost is especially high for those living close to Europe’s major transport routes. By incorporating these costs into the price of goods, we can encourage healthier transport methods and cleaner technologies.
—Jacqueline McGlade, EEA Executive Director
While air pollution in Europe has fallen significantly in recent years, it is still a problem in some parts of Europe, where HGVs can be a major factor, the report notes. Diesel, used by most HGVs, causes more air pollution per kilometer than other fuels such as petrol. Exhaust emissions from diesel engines were recently labelled as carcinogenic by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.
Heavy goods vehicles are responsible for 40-50% of nitrogen oxide (NOx) pollution from road transport in countries covered by the EEA. Both NOx and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) are considered in the report, as they can cause respiratory diseases, cardiovascular illnesses and other health problems.
The cost of air pollution from HGVs is up to 16 times higher in some European countries compared to others, the report notes.
The average cost of pollution from a 12-14 tonne Euroclass III lorry is highest in Switzerland, at almost €0.12 (US$0.16) per kilometer. Costs are also high in Luxemburg, Germany, Romania, Italy and Austria, at around €0.08/km (US$0.10). This is because the pollutants cause more harm where there are high population densities, or in landlocked regions and mountainous areas where pollution cannot disperse so easily.
At the other end of the scale, the same truck driving in Cyprus, Malta and Finland causes damage of around €0.005 (US$0.01) per kilometer.
In some regions the cost is also much higher than others. Zurich in Switzerland, Bucarest in Romania, Milan in Italy, the Ruhr Valley in Germany and Barcelona in Spain had some of the highest health costs compared to other large urban zones.
The calculations show that newer trucks would have a reduced impact, and therefore a lower cost. Euroclass IV trucks, which are up to six years old, or Euroclass V, up to three years old, would cause 40-60% less external costs on the same transport corridors. Charging haulage companies for the external costs of air pollution would incentivize newer and cleaner technologies, the report says.
The scheme would also create a level playing field, by internalizing the costs that road freight currently imposes on the rest of society. The positive effects of such a scheme have been noted in Switzerland after the country adopted similar legislation.
The EEA analysis attempts to capture the complexity of different geographical influences on air pollution across Europe. The report includes the average costs of pollution for 66 separate classes of vehicles, with the cost of each estimated on three different types of road (suburban, interurban and highways) in 30 countries and 108 cities. Estimates of cost per kilometer, depending on the vehicle and its surroundings, range from virtually nothing to more than €0.30 (US$0.39) per km for a non-Euroclass lorry more than 20 years old.
European Union Member States must report to the Commission by October this year on how they will implement road charging, if at all. The detailed figures released by EEA are intended to help Member States decide on individual schemes.
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