Molybdenum disulfide isn’t quite as flat as graphene, the atom-thick form of pure carbon, because it contains both molybdenum and sulfur atoms. When viewed from above, it looks like graphene, with rows of ordered hexagons. Seen from the side, three distinct layers are revealed, with sulfur atoms in their own planes above and below the molybdenum.

This crystal structure creates a more robust edge, and the more edge, the better for catalytic reactions or storage, Tour said.

So much of chemistry occurs at the edges of materials. A two-dimensional material is like a sheet of paper: a large plain with very little edge. But our material is highly porous. What we see in the images are short, 5- to 6-nanometer planes and a lot of edge, as though the material had boreholes drilled all the way through.

—James Tour

The new film was created by Tour and lead authors Yang Yang, a postdoctoral researcher; Huilong Fei, a graduate student; and their colleagues. It catalyzes the separation of hydrogen from water when exposed to a current.

Its performance as a HER generator is as good as any molybdenum disulfide structure that has ever been seen, and it’s really easy to make.

—James Tour

While other researchers have proposed arrays of molybdenum disulfide sheets standing on edge, the Rice group took a different approach. First, they grew a porous molybdenum oxide film onto a molybdenum substrate through room-temperature anodization, an electrochemical process with many uses but traditionally employed to thicken natural oxide layers on metals.

The film was then exposed to sulfur vapor at 300 ˚C (572 ˚F) for one hour. This converted the material to molybdenum disulfide without damage to its nano-porous sponge-like structure, they reported.

The Rice lab also built supercapacitors with the films; in tests, they retained 90% of their capacity after 10,000 charge-discharge cycles and 83% after 20,000 cycles.

We see anodization as a route to materials for multiple platforms in the next generation of alternative energy devices. These could be fuel cells, supercapacitors and batteries. And we’ve demonstrated two of those three are possible with this new material.

—James Tour

Co-authors of the paper are Rice graduate students Gedeng Ruan and Changsheng Xiang. Tour is the T.T. and W.F. Chao Chair in Chemistry as well as a professor of materials science and nanoengineering and of computer science.

The Peter M. and Ruth L. Nicholas Postdoctoral Fellowship of Rice’s Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research Multidisciplinary University Research program supported the research.

Resources

• Yang, Y., Fei, H., Ruan, G., Xiang, C. and Tour, J. M. (2014), “Edge-Oriented MoS₂ Nanoporous Films as Flexible Electrodes for Hydrogen Evolution Reactions and Supercapacitor Devices,” Adv. Mater. doi: 10.1002/adma.201402847