Hydrogen Production. Novel research and development to develop microbial electrochemical technologies such as microbial fuel cells and microbial electrolysis cells that can produce hydrogen or electricity from waste streams will be developed. The systems should either clean wastewaters or reduce the disposal requirements of other waste feedstocks.

Fuel Cell Membranes. Durable and inexpensive polymer electrolyte membranes for transportation and stationary applications will be developed. Membrane technology proposed for this subtopic should be based on proton‐conducting non‐perfluorinated ionomers, but may include reinforcements or other additives.