From the 1920s to the 1970s, the evolution of engines (measured by compression ratio) and the evolution of fuels (measured by octane rating) occurred together. Gasoline octane improvement during that period was likely due to refinery technology improvement and the addition of lead, which guards against engine knocking.

In 1973, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mandated a reduction in the lead content of gasoline and eventually banned the use of lead in fuel for on-road vehicles. Since that time, other sources have been used as fuel oxygenates to control engine knock and the average octane rating of gasoline has been fairly constant at about 88-90 AKI (anti-knock index).

The engine compression ratio of new cars and light trucks improved along a similar course as octane rating from the 1920s to the 1970s. After that time, the average compression ratio continued to improve due to advanced engine design and controls, diverging from the octane trend.

There is some concern, DOE noted, that in the future, auto manufacturers will reach the limit of technological increases in compression ratios without further increases in the octane of the fuel.