Dense, hazy fog episodes characterized by relatively high humidity, low visibility and extremely high PM_2.5 have been a headache to many megacities including those in Mainland China. Among pollutants that are less than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM2_.5), airborne sulfate is one of the most common components of hazy air pollution formed atmospherically via the oxidation of sulfur dioxide (SO₂).

While the reactant-product link between sulfur dioxide and airborne sulfate formation is common knowledge, the complex oxidants and mechanisms that enable this transformation are not. In particular, the role of nitrogen oxides (NO_x, NO and NO₂) in sulfate production is unclear.

Managing sulfate pollution has dogged researchers and governments alike as it is not produced directly from pollution sources, unlike NO_x which are clearly emitted from vehicle exhaust, and the combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, diesel and natural gas.

A new study now systematically examines the multiple roles of nitrogen oxides in affecting oxidants that enable this set of chemical reactions.

In collaboration with the California Institute of Technology, a research team led by Prof. YU Jianzhen, Professor at Hong Kong University Of Science And Technology’s (HKUST’s) Department of Chemistry and Division of Environment and Sustainability, identified three formation mechanism regimes, corresponding to the three distinct roles that nitrogen oxides play in sulfate production depending on the chemical surroundings. The team’s findings are published in the journal Nature Geoscience.

• Under low NO_x conditions, NO_x catalyze the cycling of hydroxyl radicals, an effective oxidant of SO₂, and thus promote formation of sulfate.

• Under extremely high NO_x common in haze-fog conditions, NO_x act as dominant oxidants of SO₂ and thus also promote formation of sulfate.

• In an environment with medium-high level of NO_x, nitrogen dioxide (a member of the NO_x family) would actually serve as a sink for hydroxyl radicals which supresses the oxidation of sulfur dioxide and thus inhibits sulfate formation.

These findings indicate that in order to reduce sulfate levels in highly polluted haze-fog conditions, co-control of SO₂ and NO_x emissions is necessary. However, since NO_x would inhibit sulfate formation when its emissions are intermediately high, suppressing NO_x in such environment would thus bring up sulfate levels in the air.

Since sulfate is formed atmospherically and cannot be controlled directly, we must target its precursor components (such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides). Effective reduction of sulfate content in the air relies on knowledge of the quantitative relationship it has with its precursors. This work lays the conceptual framework to delineate the relationship between sulfate and one set of its controllable precursors, nitrogen oxides (NO_x)—the low and extremely high concentration of NO_x could both fuel up the production of sulfate. The policymakers should pay attention to when they try to control the emission of NO_x.

—Prof. Yu

As sulfate is one of the major components which leads to haze formation and acid rain, this study laid the groundwork for formulating more effective measures of targeting this major pollutant.

Resources

• Xue, J., Yu, X., Yuan, Z. et al. (2019) “Efficient control of atmospheric sulfate production based on three formation regimes.” Nat. Geosci. 12, 977–982 doi: 10.1038/s41561-019-0485-5