Nickel is a widely used metal in the manufacturing industry for both industrial and advanced material processes. Now, Purdue University innovators have created a hybrid technique to fabricate a nanotwinned form of nickel that may help the future production of lifesaving medical devices, high-tech devices and vehicles with strong corrosion-resistant protection.

The Purdue technique involves a process where high-yield electrodeposition is applied on certain conductive substrates. The Purdue team’s work is published in Nanoscale.

High-density growth nanotwins enable high-strength and good ductility in metallic materials. However, twinning propensity is greatly reduced in metals with high stacking fault energy. Here we adopted a hybrid technique coupled with template-directed heteroepitaxial growth method to fabricate single-crystal-like, nanotwinned (nt) Ni. The nt Ni primarily contains hierarchical twin structures that consist of coherent and incoherent twin boundary segments with few conventional grain boundaries.

—Li et al.

One of the biggest challenges for manufacturers with nickel is dealing with the places within the metals where the crystalline grains intersect, which are known as the boundary areas. These conventional grain boundaries can strengthen metals for high-strength demand.

However, they often act as stress concentrators and they are vulnerable sites for electron scattering and corrosion attack. As a result, conventional boundaries often decrease ductility, corrosion resistance and electrical conductivity.

Another specific type of boundary, much less common in metals such as nickel due to its high-stacking fault energy, is called a twin boundary. The unique nickel in a single-crystal-like form contains high-density ultrafine twin structure but few conventional grain boundaries.

This particular nickel has been shown by the Purdue researchers to promote strength, ductility and improve corrosion resistance. Those properties are important for manufacturers across several industries. dincluding automotive, gas, oil and micro-electro-mechanical devices.

We developed a hybrid technique to create nickel coatings with twin boundaries that are strong and corrosion-resistant. We want our work to inspire others to invent new materials with fresh minds.

—Xinghang Zhang, a professor of materials engineering in Purdue’s College of Engineering

The solution of the researchers at Purdue is to use a single crystal substrate as a growth template in conjunction with a designed electrochemical recipe to promote the formation of twin boundaries and inhibit the formation of conventional grain boundaries.

The high-density twin boundaries contribute a high mechanical strength exceeding 2 GPa, a low corrosion current density of 6.91 × 10⁻⁸ A cm⁻², and high polarization resistance of 516 kΩ.

Our technology enables the manufacturing of nanotwinned nickel coatings with high-density twin boundaries and few conventional grain boundaries, which leads to superb mechanical, electrical properties and high corrosive resistance, suggesting good durability for applications at extreme environments. Template and specific electrochemical recipes suggest new paths for boundary engineering and the hybrid technique can be potentially adopted for large-scale industrial productions.

—Qiang Li, a research fellow in materials engineering and first author

Potential applications for this Purdue technology include the semiconductor and automotive industries, which require metallic materials with advanced electric and mechanical properties for manufacturing. The nanotwinned nickel can be applied as corrosion-resistant coatings for the automobile, gas and oil industries.

The new nickel hybrid technique can be potentially integrated to the micro- electro-mechanical system industry after careful engineering designs. MEMS medical devices are used in critical care departments and other hospital areas to monitor patients.

The relevant pressure sensors and other functional small-scale components in MEMS require the use of materials with superior mechanical and structural stability and chemical reliability.

The team worked with the Purdue Research Foundation Office of Technology Commercialization to patent the technology. They are looking for partners.

The research has been funded by the Department of Energy’s Basic Energy Science program. The Purdue team worked with scientists from Sandia National Laboratories on the technology.

Resources

• Qiang Li, Sichuang Xue, Patrick Price, Xing Sun, Jie Ding, Zhongxia Shang, Zhe Fan, Han Wang, Yifan Zhang, Youxing Chen, Haiyan Wang, Khalid Hattar and Xinghang Zhang (2020) “Hierarchical nanotwins in single-crystal-like nickel with high strength and corrosion resistance produced via a hybrid technique” Nanoscale doi: 10.1039/C9NR07472D