Small particles from tires inhibit the growth and cause adverse behavioral changes in organisms found in freshwater and coastal estuary ecosystems, according to two new Oregon State University studies.

The findings are part of a continued effort by scientists to unravel the impacts of microplastics and nanoplastics on aquatic ecosystems and aquatic organisms. Tire particles are one of the most common microplastic types in aquatic ecosystems.

Stacey Harper, Susanne Brander and several graduate students and a post-doctoral scholars in their labs, including Brittany Cunningham, Samreen Siddiqui, recently published two papers on the tire particle research in Chemosphere and the Journal of Hazardous Materials.

The focus on microplastics and now nanoplastics is still relatively new. We’re now at the point of making policy decisions that we don’t have the science for. That’s why we are scrambling to supply that science.

—OSU Professor Stacey Harper

California is at the forefront of this issue, with a statewide microplastics strategy adopted in February. Similar efforts at the federal level and potentially among other states are anticipated, said Brander, an assistant professor and ecotoxicologist at Oregon State who led the coastal study on tire particles and was also co-chair for one of the several science advisory teams that helped develop the California strategy.

Tire particles are composed of materials including synthetic rubber, filling agents, oils and other additives. The particles themselves and chemicals they leach, known as leachate, may have detrimental effects on aquatic organisms they come in contact with, the researchers note.

The researchers cite studies that show during the lifetime of an automobile tire

about 30% of its tread erodes and enters the environment. They also cite a recent study that estimated more than 1.5 million metric tons of tire wear particles flow into the environment each year in the United States.

I feel in particular with tire particles that everyone is measuring how much is out there, but very few groups are measuring what impact they are having. That’s really the gap we were trying to patch up here.

—Susanne Brander

The Oregon State scientists exposed two model organisms in both the freshwater and estuary ecosystems to different concentrations of micro and nano tire particles and to leachate created by the breakdown of the tire particles. In the estuary ecosystem paper, led by post-doctoral scholar Samreen Siddiqui, the model organisms were Inland Silverside and mysid shrimp. Findings by the researchers included:

• Both organisms, after being exposed, had significantly altered swimming behaviors at concentrations detected in the environment, such as increased freezing, changes in positioning and total distance moved, which the researchers note could lead to an increased risk of predation and challenges for the organisms to find food in the wild.

• Both organisms had reduced growth depending on the level of exposure to micro tire particles. Fish exposed to nano tire particles also had reduced growth.

• Leachates affected behavior but did not impact growth in either organism.

Mysid shrimp (7 days old) with micro-sized tire particles in its gut. Credit: John Dickens.

These findings led the researchers to conclude that even at current environmental levels of tire-related pollution, which are expected to increase, aquatic ecosystems may be experiencing negative impacts.

In the freshwater ecosystem paper, led by graduate student Brittany Cunningham, embryonic zebrafish and the crustacean Daphnia magna were the model organisms. Among the findings:

• Both organisms experienced mortality and developmental abnormalities due to tire particle and leachate exposures.

• Tire particle leachate was the main driver of toxicity for both organisms.

• Exposure to nano tire particles enhanced toxicity in comparison to leachate alone.

These findings led the researchers to conclude that while toxicity from tire particles was observed in both organisms, overall sensitivity to tire particles differed. They believe that it is important to understand these differences to identify levels at which these pollutants become toxic. This knowledge, they note, is crucial for the creation of risk assessments, which inform policy decisions.

The researchers also mentioned several ways to limit tire particles from entering the environment. These include installing rain gardens on the sides of roads to capture tire particles, installing particle capture devices on cars, developing tires that last longer and investing in green infrastructure, such as public transit, that allows people to drive less.

The research is supported by a National Science Foundation Growing Convergence Research Big Idea grant. The grant supports the Oregon State-based Pacific Northwest Consortium of Plastics, which Harper and Brander co-lead.

Resources

• S. Siddiqui, J.M. Dickens, B.E. Cunningham, S.J. Hutton, E.I. Pedersen, B. Harper, S. Harper, S.M. Brander (2022) “Internalization, reduced growth, and behavioral effects following exposure to micro and nano tire particles in two estuarine indicator species,” Chemosphere doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133934

• Brittany Cunningham, Bryan Harper, Susanne Brander, Stacey Harper (2022) “Toxicity of micro and nano tire particles and leachate for model freshwater organisms,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128319