Rice University chemists working with researchers at the Ford Motor Company are turning plastic parts from end-of-life vehicles into graphene via the university’s flash Joule heating process (earlier post). The Rice lab of chemist James Tour introduced flash Joule heating in 2020 to convert coal, petroleum coke and trash into graphene. The lab has since adapted the process to convert plastic waste into graphene and to extract precious metals from electronic waste.

The average SUV contains up to 350 kilograms (771 pounds) of plastic that could sit in a landfill for centuries but for the recycling process reported in an open-access paper in the debut issue of a new Nature journal, Communications Engineering.

The goal of the project led by Tour and graduate student and lead author Kevin Wyss was to reuse that graphene to make enhanced polyurethane foam for new vehicles. Tests showed the graphene-infused foam had a 34% increase in tensile strength and a 25% increase in low-frequency noise absorption. That’s with only 0.1% by weight or less of graphene.

When that new car is old, the foam can be flashed into graphene again.

Ford sent us 10 pounds of mixed plastic waste from a vehicle shredding facility. It was muddy and wet. We flashed it, we sent the graphene back to Ford, they put it into new foam composites and it did everything it was supposed to do. Then they sent us the new composites and we flashed those and turned them back into graphene. It’s a great example of circular recycling.

—James Tour

The researchers cited a study that estimates the amount of plastic used in vehicles has increased by 75% in just the past six years as a means to reduce weight and increase fuel economy.

Segregating mixed end-of-life plastic by type for recycling has been a long-term problem for the auto industry, Tour said, and it’s becoming more critical because of potential environmental regulations around end-of-life vehicles.

In Europe, cars come back to the manufacturer, which is allowed to landfill only 5% of a vehicle,. That means they must recycle 95%, and it’s just overwhelming to them.

—James Tour

Much of the mixed plastic ends up being incinerated, according to co-author Deborah Mielewski, technical fellow for sustainability at Ford, who noted the US shreds 10 to 15 million vehicles each year, with more than 27 million shredded globally.

We have hundreds of different combinations of plastic resin, filler and reinforcements on vehicles that make the materials impossible to separate. Every application has a specific loading/mixture that most economically meets the requirements.

—Deborah Mielewski

Flash Joule heating to make graphene packs mixed ground plastic and a coke additive (for conductivity) between electrodes in a tube and blasts it with high voltage. The sudden, intense heat—up to nearly 5,000 degrees Fahrenheit—vaporizes other elements and leaves behind easy-to-solubilize, turbostratic graphene.

Flash heating offers significant environmental benefits, as the process does not require solvents and uses a minimum of energy to produce graphene.

To test whether end-of-life, mixed plastic could be transformed, the Rice lab ground the shredder fluff made of plastic bumpers, gaskets, carpets, mats, seating and door casings from end-of-life F-150 pickup trucks to a fine powder without washing or pre-sorting the components.

The lab flashed the powder in two steps, first under low current and then high current in a heater Wyss custom designed for the experiment.

Process schematic, workflow, and current discharge for FJH conversion of ELV-WP into FG. a Block diagram of the custom designed dual capability FJH station for low current (LC) and high current (HC) discharge, with a working procedure displayed below. b A typical current discharge profile of the FJH procedure to convert ELV-WP into ELV-WP-FG. Wyss et al.

Powder heated between 10 to 16 seconds in low current produced a highly carbonized plastic accounting for about 30% of the initial bulk. The other 70% was outgassed or recovered as hydrocarbon-rich waxes and oils that Wyss suggested could also be recycled.

The carbonized plastic was then subjected to high-current flashing, converting 85% of it into graphene while outgassing hydrogen, oxygen, chlorine, silicon and trace metal impurities.

A life-cycle analysis (LCA) of the result involved comparing graphene from flashed car parts to that produced by other methods, and evaluating recycling efficiency. Their results showed flash Joule heating produced graphene with a substantial reduction in energy, greenhouse gas emissions, and water use when compared to other methods, even including the energy required to reduce the plastic shredder fluff to powder.

Process flow and life-cycle assessment comparing graphene synthesis methods. a Process flow diagrams of various graphene synthetic routes, displaying the lifecycle inventory including all considered inputs and outputs. Incidental inputs and outputs are shown in blue font to differentiate them from explicit inputs and outputs. Graphs comparing b, the cumulative energy demand, c global warming potential, and d cumulative water use of the different graphene synthesis methods. Wyss et al.

Ford has been using up to 60 pounds of polyurethane foam in its vehicles, with about 2 pounds of that being graphene-reinforced since 2018, according to co-author Alper Kiziltas, a technical expert at Ford research who focuses on sustainability and emerging materials.

When we got the graphene back from Rice, we incorporated it into our foam in very small quantities and saw significant improvement. It exceeded our expectations in providing both excellent mechanical and physical properties for our applications.

—Alper Kiziltas

Ford first introduced graphene into a variety of other under-the-hood components and in 2020 added a graphene-reinforced engine cover. Kiziltas said the company expects to use it to reinforce hard plastics as well.

Our collaborative discovery with Rice will become even more relevant as Ford transitions to electric vehicles. When you take away the noise generated by the internal combustion engine, you can hear everything else in and outside the vehicle that much more clearly.

It’s much more critical to be able to mitigate noise. So we desperately need foam materials that are better noise and vibration absorbers. This is exactly where graphene can provide amazing noise mitigation using extremely low levels.

—Deborah Mielewski

The Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-19-1-0296), the Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory (DE-FE0031794) and a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship supported the research.

Resources

• Wyss, K.M., De Kleine, R.D., Couvreur, R.L. et al. (2022 “Upcycling end-of-life vehicle waste plastic into flash graphene.” Commun Eng 1, 3 doi: 10.1038/s44172-022-00006-7