ORNL researchers are developing algorithms and multilayered communication and control systems that make electric vehicle chargers operate more reliably, even if there is a voltage drop or disturbance in the electric grid.

The main focus is to make chargers available for EVs even if there is an electrical disturbance or hardware failure inside or outside the charger. We want drivers to be able to use EV chargers as soon as they arrive at the charging station.

—ORNL’s Namwon Kim, a lead researcher on the project

After identifying the major challenges, ORNL researchers found solutions to address two key causes of charger failure: the first triggered by voltage shifts in the electric grid, and the other originating within the charger itself.

Kim and his team developed new algorithms to manage the operating parameters of the power electronic converters that are the keystone of EV charging hardware. These converters are designed to shut off when power flow strays outside a standard range. If a small fault in the electric grid causes a fleeting drop in voltage, EV charging stops. Similarly, the failure of one internal component can also shut everything down. Re-activating these chargers often requires maintenance, causing significant downtime at unmanned stations.

To cope with brief voltage sags, ORNL researchers implemented a “ride-through” control algorithm that rapidly reduces charging power, then restores it when voltage returns to normal seconds later. The team created a real-time, automated test setup to emulate how the converter hardware responds to a variety of voltage blips. The ride-through controls enabled quick recovery of charging power.

There are broader benefits, too. If a grid fault causes many EV chargers to disconnect during high-power fast charging, the voltage level in the power grid can suddenly increase. This condition may damage other unprotected electrical equipment. For this reason, ride-through capability protects not only the charger, but also the broader electric grid.

Sometimes a disturbance occurs within the charger itself. A single EV charger contains three power modules working together to convert and control charging power. The ORNL team created another algorithm allowing the converter to detect and to adjust to an internal failure instead of turning off.

Now when one module goes out, the converter can try to continue providing as much power as it can by dividing the load among the remaining two. We are trying to keep the charger running at lower power while it awaits repair.

—Namwon Kim

Researchers also developed a new, multilayered approach for control and communication across the kind of larger EV charging system that resembles a gas station with many pumps: A systemwide controller is automatically notified of problems at individual chargers. It can then alter equipment settings for the best customer charging experience.

This research fits into a larger project with partners Pacific Northwest and Idaho national laboratories that includes automatic management of charging vehicle fleets, such as delivery or long-haul trucks, as well as monitoring for potential cyberattacks. The station controller could control vehicle charging order and charging rates, balancing energy costs with cargo priorities.

Kim said the next step will be modeling how integrated battery storage and solar power could further ensure a station’s EV charging performance.

Other ORNL researchers contributing to the ongoing project include Michael Starke, Madhu Chinthavali, Benjamin Dean and Steven Campbell. The research is funded by the Vehicle Technologies Office under DOE’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, leveraging the capabilities in ORNL’s Grid Research Integration and Development Center, or GRID-C. GRID-C develops technological solutions to advance the dynamic and efficient interaction of the electric delivery system with buildings and vehicles.

Resources

• M. Starke, S. Bal, M. Chinthavali and N. Kim, “A Control Strategy for Improving Resiliency of an DC Fast Charging EV System,” 2022 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference & Expo (ITEC), Anaheim, CA, USA, 2022, pp. 947-952, doi: 10.1109/ITEC53557.2022.9813784.

• M. Starke, N. Kim, B. Dean, S. Campbell and M. Chinthavali, “Automated Controller Hardware-In-The-Loop Testbed for EV Charger Resilience Analysis,” 2023 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference & Expo (ITEC), Detroit, MI, USA, 2023, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/ITEC55900.2023.10186993.

• N. Kim, M. Starke and B. Dean, “Improving EV Charging Resilience under a Device Fault Condition,” 2023 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Nashville, TN, USA, 2023, pp. 1737-1744, doi: 10.1109/ECCE53617.2023.10362591.

• M. Starke et al., “Improving Resiliency for Electric Vehicle Charging,” 2023 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM), Orlando, FL, USA, 2023, pp. 1-5, doi: 10.1109/PESGM52003.2023.10253305.